Yes, Sigmund Freud was married to Martha Freud (née Bernays) and they lived together untill his death in 1939. Sigmund Freud is sexist because of his views about women. He said that women are mutilated and have lack of deformity.Freud is the prime example of the thinker who comes up with theories without scientific evidence. Many of his ideas have been abandoned, but not all. Freud won an award for his writing style. I suspect that there's a connection between his style and his success.Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Wit and Its Relation to the Unconscious. 1916. Let us attempt to express as exactly as is possible the same thought in other words. But if the witty character of our example does not belong to the thought, then it must be sought for in the form of expression in the...The work and theories of Sigmund Freud continue to influence many areas of modern culture. Freud believed that all the painful memories of childhood lay buried in the unconscious self. Using this method, Freud reasoned, the pain and emotional pressure of the past would be greatly weakened.Check all that apply. emotion success behavior speech motivation its not just behavior and motivation. abbyvitko History 1 20. The areas of humanity that Sigmund Freud attempted to understand are emotion and behaviour, for the obvious reason that Sigmund Freud is a psychologist.
What did Sigmund Freud do? | Yahoo Answers
Freud and Eysenck are two of the greatest psychologists of the 20th century. Eysenck is still today systematically linked with contemporary research, i.e., the attempt to integrate Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire still contributes to and gets support from a broad range of research areas, such as...Sigmund Freud is known as the founder of psychoanalysis, which has had a significant impact on psychology, medicine, sociology, anthropology Freud's views on the nature of man were innovative for its time and lifelong researcher did not cease to cause resonance in the scientific community.Answer: He primarily worked on the unconscious areas of the human mind, he is the proponent of the psychoanalytic theory. This site is using cookies under cookie policy. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser.Sigmund Freud - Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalytic theory: Freud, still beholden to Charcot's hypnotic method, did not grasp the full implications of Emotions were released in his son that he understood as having been long repressed, emotions concerning his earliest familial experiences and feelings.
II. The Technique of Wit. Sigmund Freud. 1916. Wit and Its Relation to...
The areas of humanity that Sigmund Freud attempted to understand are emotion and behaviour, for the obvious reason that Sigmund Freud is a psychologist. In addition, his theory of psychoanalysis paved the way to his methods of establishing communication between the psychiatrist and patient.Freud's Main Theories include Psychosexual Development, The Oedipus Complex, 'Id, Ego Sigmund Freud and His Main Theories. Let us free associate for a second…. What comes to mind when But if we look beyond the brushstrokes of popular culture, what do we actually know about...Sigmund Freud (/frɔɪd/ FROYD; German: [ˈziːk.mʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt]; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 - 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis...Sigmund Freud was a psychoanalyst and neurologist, who strived to understand and explain people's behaviors through their motivations, childhood experiences and unconscious desires in life.Sigmund Freud was in Austria when the Nazi's attacked. He was a very sick and elderly Jewish man who was stricken with cancer as he became much older.... Necessary cookies help make a website usable by enabling basic functions like page navigation and access to secure areas of the website.
Jump to navigation Jump to search "Freud" redirects here. For other makes use of, see Freud (disambiguation).
Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud by means of Max Halberstadt, c. 1921[1]BornSigismund Schlomo Freud6 May 1856Freiberg in Mähren, Moravia, Austrian Empire(now Příbor, Czech Republic)Died23 September 1939 (elderly 83)Hampstead, London, United KingdomEducationUniversity of Vienna (MD, 1881)Known forPsychoanalysis, including the theories of identification, ego and super-ego, oedipus complex, repression, protection mechanismSpouse(s)Martha Bernays (m. 1886)ChildrenMathilde, Jean-Martin, Oliver, Ernst, Sophie, and AnnaAwards Goethe Prize (1930) Foreign Member of the Royal Society[2]Scientific careerFieldsNeurology, psychotherapy, psychoanalysisInstitutionsUniversity of ViennaAcademic advisors Franz Brentano Ernst Brücke Carl ClausInfluencesBrentanoBreuerCharcotDarwinFechnerFliessvon HartmannHerbartNietzschePlatoSchopenhauerShakespeareInfluenced List of psychoanalysts List of psychoanalytical theoristsSignature
Sigmund Freud (/frɔɪd/ FROYD;[3]German: [ˈziːk.mʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt]; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) used to be an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a medical manner for treating psychopathology thru dialogue between a affected person and a psychoanalyst.[4]
Freud used to be born to Galician Jewish folks within the Moravian town of Freiberg, within the Austrian Empire. He certified as a doctor of medication in 1881 at the University of Vienna.[5][6] Upon completing his habilitation in 1885, he was once appointed a docent in neuropathology and changed into an affiliated professor in 1902.[7] Freud lived and labored in Vienna, having set up his medical follow there in 1886. In 1938, Freud left Austria to break out Nazi persecution. He died in exile within the United Kingdom in 1939.
In founding psychoanalysis, Freud developed healing techniques such as the use of unfastened association and came upon transference, organising its central function within the analytic procedure. Freud's redefinition of sexuality to come with its childish bureaucracy led him to formulate the Oedipus complicated because the central guideline of psychoanalytical principle.[8] His evaluation of desires as wish-fulfillments provided him with models for the clinical evaluation of symptom formation and the underlying mechanisms of repression. On this foundation Freud elaborated his theory of the subconscious and went on to increase a model of psychic structure comprising identity, ego and super-ego.[9] Freud postulated the lifestyles of libido, a sexualised power with which psychological processes and constructions are invested and which generates erotic attachments, and a demise force, the source of compulsive repetition, hate, aggression and neurotic guilt.[10] In his later works, Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of faith and tradition.
Though in overall decline as a diagnostic and clinical practice, psychoanalysis stays influential within psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy, and around the humanities. It thus continues to generate intensive and highly contested debate with reference to its therapeutic efficacy, its medical standing, and whether it advances or hinders the feminist cause.[11] Nonetheless, Freud's paintings has suffused recent Western thought and pop culture. W. H. Auden's 1940 poetic tribute to Freud describes him as having created "a whole climate of opinion / under whom we conduct our different lives."[12]
Biography
Early existence and education Freud's birthplace, a rented room in a locksmith's area, Freiberg, Austrian Empire (later Příbor, Czech Republic). Freud (aged 16) and his mom, Amalia, in 1872Freud was once born to Jewish folks within the Moravian the town of Freiberg, within the Austrian Empire (now Příbor, Czech Republic), the first of eight kids.[13] Both of his parents have been from Galicia, a historic province straddling modern-day West Ukraine and southeast Poland. His father, Jakob Freud (1815–1896), a wool merchant, had two sons, Emanuel (1833–1914) and Philipp (1836–1911), through his first marriage. Jakob's circle of relatives have been Hasidic Jews and, even if Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition, he came to be identified for his Torah find out about. He and Freud's mother, Amalia Nathansohn, who was two decades younger and his 3rd spouse, had been married by way of Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer on 29 July 1855.[14] They have been struggling financially and dwelling in a rented room, in a locksmith's area at Schlossergasse 117 when their son Sigmund was born.[15] He was born with a caul, which his mom noticed as a good omen for the boy's long run.[16]
In 1859, the Freud family left Freiberg. Freud's half-brothers emigrated to Manchester, England, parting him from the "inseparable" playmate of his early adolescence, Emanuel's son, John.[17] Jakob Freud took his wife and two youngsters (Freud's sister, Anna, used to be born in 1858; a brother, Julius born in 1857, had died in infancy) at first to Leipzig and then in 1860 to Vienna where four sisters and a brother had been born: Rosa (b. 1860), Marie (b. 1861), Adolfine (b. 1862), Paula (b. 1864), Alexander (b. 1866). In 1865, the nine-year-old Freud entered the Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a distinguished highschool. He proved to be an impressive pupil and graduated from the Matura in 1873 with honors. He loved literature and used to be gifted in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, Hebrew, Latin and Greek.[18]
Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17. He had planned to find out about law, but joined the clinical college at the college, where his studies incorporated philosophy under Franz Brentano, physiology underneath Ernst Brücke, and zoology underneath Darwinist professor Carl Claus.[19] In 1876, Freud spent 4 weeks at Claus's zoological research station in Trieste, dissecting hundreds of eels in an inconclusive search for their male reproductive organs.[20] In 1877 Freud moved to Ernst Brücke's body structure laboratory where he spent six years evaluating the brains of humans and other vertebrates with those of frogs and invertebrates akin to crayfish and lampreys. His analysis paintings at the biology of frightened tissue proved seminal for the next discovery of the neuron in the Nineties.[21] Freud's research paintings was once interrupted in 1879 by the obligation to adopt a year's compulsory army carrier. The lengthy downtimes enabled him to complete a fee to translate four essays from John Stuart Mill's accrued works.[22] He graduated with an MD in March 1881.[23]
Early career and marriageIn 1882, Freud began his clinical occupation on the Vienna General Hospital. His analysis work in cerebral anatomy led to the e-newsletter of an influential paper at the palliative results of cocaine in 1884 and his paintings on aphasia would shape the foundation of his first ebook On Aphasia: A Critical Study, published in 1891.[24] Over a three-year duration, Freud worked in more than a few departments of the hospital. His time spent in Theodor Meynert's psychiatric clinic and as a locum in a neighborhood asylum led to an greater hobby in clinical paintings. His substantial body of revealed analysis led to his appointment as a university lecturer or docent in neuropathology in 1885, a non-salaried put up but one that entitled him to give lectures on the University of Vienna.[25]
In 1886, Freud resigned his medical institution put up and entered personal follow focusing on "nervous disorders". The same year he married Martha Bernays, the granddaughter of Isaac Bernays, a main rabbi in Hamburg. They had six youngsters: Mathilde (b. 1887), Jean-Martin (b. 1889), Oliver (b. 1891), Ernst (b. 1892), Sophie (b. 1893), and Anna (b. 1895). From 1891 till they left Vienna in 1938, Freud and his family lived in an apartment at Berggasse 19, close to Innere Stadt, a historic district of Vienna.
Freud's house at Berggasse 19, ViennaIn 1896, Minna Bernays, Martha Freud's sister, become an enduring member of the Freud household after the loss of life of her fiancé. The shut courting she shaped with Freud led to rumours, started by way of Carl Jung, of an affair. The discovery of a Swiss resort guest-book entry for 13 August 1898, signed by Freud whilst travelling with his sister-in-law, has been introduced as evidence of the affair.[26]
Freud began smoking tobacco at age 24; initially a cigarette smoker, he was a cigar smoker. He believed smoking enhanced his capability to paintings and that he may workout strength of mind in moderating it. Despite well being warnings from colleague Wilhelm Fliess, he remained a smoker, ultimately struggling a buccal cancer.[27] Freud suggested to Fliess in 1897 that addictions, together with that to tobacco, have been substitutes for masturbation, "the one great habit."[28]
Freud had very much admired his philosophy tutor, Brentano, who used to be known for his theories of belief and introspection. Brentano mentioned the imaginable existence of the unconscious thoughts in his Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874). Although Brentano denied its life, his dialogue of the subconscious most definitely helped introduce Freud to the concept.[29] Freud owned and made use of Charles Darwin's main evolutionary writings, and was also influenced by way of Eduard von Hartmann's The Philosophy of the Unconscious (1869). Other texts of significance to Freud were by means of Fechner and Herbart[30] with the latter's Psychology as Science arguably regarded as to be of underrated significance on this admire.[31] Freud also drew on the paintings of Theodor Lipps who was once one of the principle fresh theorists of the concepts of the subconscious and empathy.[32]
Though Freud was reluctant to affiliate his psychoanalytic insights with prior philosophical theories, consideration has been drawn to analogies between his paintings and that of both Schopenhauer[33] and Nietzsche, both of whom he claimed not to have read until late in life. One historian concluded, in accordance with Freud's correspondence with his adolescent buddy Eduard Silberstein, that Freud learn Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy and the first two of the Untimely Meditations when he was once seventeen.[34] In 1900, the year of Nietzsche's death, Freud bought his accumulated works; he told his buddy, Fliess, that he hoped to in finding in Nietzsche's works "the words for much that remains mute in me." Later, he mentioned he had no longer yet opened them.[35] Freud came to treat Nietzsche's writings "as texts to be resisted far more than to be studied." His pastime in philosophy declined after he had determined on a career in neurology.[36]
Freud learn William Shakespeare in English right through his lifestyles, and it's been prompt that his understanding of human psychology will have been in part derived from Shakespeare's performs.[37]
Freud's Jewish origins and his allegiance to his secular Jewish identification were of important influence within the formation of his highbrow and ethical outlook, especially with respect to his intellectual non-conformism, as he used to be the primary to point out in his Autobiographical Study.[38] They would even have a considerable impact at the content material of psychoanalytic concepts, particularly in admire of their not unusual concerns with depth interpretation and "the bounding of desire by law".[39]
Development of psychoanalysis André Brouillet's A Clinical Lesson on the Salpêtrière (1887) depicting a Charcot demonstration. Freud had a lithograph of this painting positioned over the sofa in his consulting rooms.[40]In October 1885, Freud went to Paris on a three-month fellowship to find out about with Jean-Martin Charcot, a famend neurologist who was accomplishing scientific analysis into hypnosis. He was later to recall the experience of this keep as catalytic in turning him towards the apply of scientific psychopathology and away from a less financially promising profession in neurology analysis.[41] Charcot specialised within the study of hysteria and susceptibility to hypnosis, which he regularly demonstrated with sufferers on degree in entrance of an audience.
Once he had arrange in private apply again in Vienna in 1886, Freud began the use of hypnosis in his medical work. He followed the means of his good friend and collaborator, Josef Breuer, in a type of hypnosis which was once other from the French methods he had studied, in that it did no longer use advice. The remedy of one explicit patient of Breuer's proved to be transformative for Freud's scientific follow. Described as Anna O., she was once invited to speak about her symptoms while underneath hypnosis (she would coin the phrase "talking cure" for her treatment). In the course of talking on this manner, her symptoms changed into lowered in severity as she retrieved recollections of anxious incidents associated with their onset.
The inconsistent results of Freud's early scientific paintings in the end led him to abandon hypnosis, having concluded that extra consistent and efficient symptom aid might be accomplished via encouraging patients to talk freely, with out censorship or inhibition, about whatever concepts or reminiscences befell to them. In conjunction with this procedure, which he referred to as "free association", Freud found that patients' dreams might be fruitfully analyzed to expose the complex structuring of subconscious subject material and to reveal the psychic motion of repression which, he had concluded, underlay symptom formation. By 1896 he used to be using the time period "psychoanalysis" to refer to his new clinical means and the theories on which it was once founded.[42]
Approach to Freud's consulting rooms at Berggasse 19Freud's building of those new theories took place throughout a period wherein he experienced middle irregularities, disturbing goals and classes of despair, a "neurasthenia" which he related to the loss of life of his father in 1896[43] and which brought on a "self-analysis" of his personal desires and memories of adolescence. His explorations of his feelings of hostility to his father and rivalrous jealousy over his mother's affections led him to basically revise his idea of the origin of the neuroses.
On the basis of his early scientific work, Freud had postulated that unconscious reminiscences of sexual molestation in early early life were a necessary precondition for the psychoneuroses (hysteria and obsessional neurosis), a system now known as Freud's seduction principle.[44] In the light of his self-analysis, Freud deserted the theory that each neurosis may also be traced back to the consequences of infantile sexual abuse, now arguing that infantile sexual eventualities still had a causative serve as, however it did not topic whether they were real or imagined and that in either case they was pathogenic simplest when appearing as repressed reminiscences.[45]
This transition from the idea of infantile sexual trauma as a general explanation of how all neuroses originate to one that presupposes an self sustaining infantile sexuality equipped the root for Freud's subsequent formulation of the theory of the Oedipus complicated.[46]
Freud described the evolution of his scientific way and set out his principle of the psychogenetic origins of hysteria, demonstrated in a host of case histories, in Studies on Hysteria published in 1895 (co-authored with Josef Breuer). In 1899 he printed The Interpretation of Dreams during which, following a vital evaluate of current concept, Freud offers detailed interpretations of his own and his patients' goals in terms of wish-fulfillments made topic to the repression and censorship of the "dream work". He then sets out the theoretical fashion of mental structure (the unconscious, pre-conscious and wakeful) on which this account is founded. An abridged model, On Dreams, used to be revealed in 1901. In works which would win him a more total readership, Freud carried out his theories out of doors the scientific atmosphere in The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901) and Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious (1905).[47] In Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, printed in 1905, Freud elaborates his principle of childish sexuality, describing its "polymorphous perverse" paperwork and the functioning of the "drives", to which it gives rise, in the formation of sexual identity.[48] The similar year he published Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria, which was one of his more well-known and controversial case research.[49]
Relationship with FliessDuring this formative length of his work, Freud valued and came to depend on the highbrow and emotional reinforce of his friend Wilhelm Fliess, a Berlin-based ear, nostril and throat specialist whom he had first met in 1887. Both males saw themselves as remoted from the present medical and theoretical mainstream because of their ambitions to broaden radical new theories of sexuality. Fliess evolved extremely eccentric theories of human biorhythms and a nasogenital connection that are today regarded as pseudoscientific. He shared Freud's views at the significance of positive facets of sexuality – masturbation, coitus interruptus, and the use of condoms – within the etiology of what were then referred to as the "actual neuroses," essentially neurasthenia and sure bodily manifested nervousness symptoms.[50] They maintained an intensive correspondence from which Freud drew on Fliess's speculations on childish sexuality and bisexuality to elaborate and revise his own ideas. His first attempt at a scientific principle of the mind, his Project for a Scientific Psychology was evolved as a metapsychology with Fliess as interlocutor.[51] However, Freud's efforts to build a bridge between neurology and psychology had been in the end deserted after they had reached an deadlock, as his letters to Fliess expose,[52] although some ideas of the Project had been to be taken up again within the concluding chapter of The Interpretation of Dreams.[53]
Freud had Fliess again and again function on his nose and sinuses to treat "nasal reflex neurosis",[54] and subsequently referred his patient Emma Eckstein to him. According to Freud, her history of symptoms integrated critical leg pains with consequent restricted mobility, in addition to stomach and menstrual pains. These pains have been, in accordance to Fliess's theories, caused by way of habitual masturbation which, because the tissue of the nostril and genitalia have been connected, was curable by elimination of section of the middle turbinate.[55][56] Fliess's surgical operation proved disastrous, leading to profuse, recurrent nasal bleeding; he had left a half-metre of gauze in Eckstein's nasal cavity whose next removing left her completely disfigured. At first, despite the fact that aware of Fliess's culpability and regarding the remedial surgery in horror, Freud could carry himself most effective to intimate delicately in his correspondence with Fliess the character of his disastrous function, and in subsequent letters maintained a tactful silence at the subject or else returned to the face-saving matter of Eckstein's hysteria. Freud in the end, in light of Eckstein's history of adolescent self-cutting and irregular nasal (and menstrual) bleeding, concluded that Fliess used to be "completely without blame", as Eckstein's post-operative haemorrhages had been hysterical "wish-bleedings" linked to "an old wish to be loved in her illness" and brought about as a means of "rearousing [Freud's] affection". Eckstein however persisted her evaluation with Freud. She was restored to full mobility and went on to practice psychoanalysis herself.[57][58][55]
Freud, who had known as Fliess "the Kepler of biology", later concluded that a mix of a homoerotic attachment and the residue of his "specifically Jewish mysticism" lay behind his loyalty to his Jewish buddy and his consequent over-estimation of each his theoretical and medical paintings. Their friendship came to an acrimonious end with Fliess angry at Freud's unwillingness to endorse his general concept of sexual periodicity and accusing him of collusion in the plagiarism of his work. After Fliess failed to respond to Freud's be offering of collaboration over e-newsletter of his Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality in 1906, their dating came to an end.[59]
Early fans Group photograph 1909 in front of Clark University. Front row: Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, Carl Jung; back row: Abraham Brill, Ernest Jones, Sándor FerencziIn 1902, Freud ultimately realised his long-standing ambition to be made a school professor. The name "professor extraordinarius"[60] was once important to Freud for the recognition and prestige it conferred, there being no wage or educating tasks hooked up to the publish (he can be granted the improved status of "professor ordinarius" in 1920).[61] Despite make stronger from the university, his appointment had been blocked in successive years via the political government and it was once secured handiest with the intervention of one of his extra influential ex-patients, a Baroness Marie Ferstel, who (supposedly) had to bribe the minister of schooling with a treasured portray.[62]
With his prestige thus enhanced, Freud persevered with the common collection of lectures on his work which, because the mid-Eighties as a docent of Vienna University, he were turning in to small audiences each and every Saturday evening at the lecture hall of the college's psychiatric sanatorium.[63]
From the fall of 1902, a host of Viennese physicians who had expressed passion in Freud's work were invited to meet at his rental each and every Wednesday afternoon to discuss issues touching on to psychology and neuropathology.[64] This group was once called the Wednesday Psychological Society (Psychologische Mittwochs-Gesellschaft) and it marked the beginnings of the global psychoanalytic movement.[65]
Freud based this discussion workforce at the advice of the doctor Wilhelm Stekel. Stekel had studied medication at the University of Vienna beneath Richard von Krafft-Ebing. His conversion to psychoanalysis is variously attributed to his a hit remedy through Freud for a sexual downside or as a result of his reading The Interpretation of Dreams, to which he therefore gave a positive assessment within the Viennese daily newspaper Neues Wiener Tagblatt.[66]
The other 3 original individuals whom Freud invited to attend, Alfred Adler, Max Kahane, and Rudolf Reitler, had been additionally physicians[67] and all 5 were Jewish by means of start.[68] Both Kahane and Reitler were early life friends of Freud. Kahane had attended the same secondary faculty and each he and Reitler went to college with Freud. They had saved abreast of Freud's creating concepts through their attendance at his Saturday night time lectures.[69] In 1901, Kahane, who first introduced Stekel to Freud's work,[63] had opened an out-patient psychotherapy institute of which he was the director in Bauernmarkt, in Vienna.[64] In the same yr, his clinical textbook, Outline of Internal Medicine for Students and Practicing Physicians, used to be revealed. In it, he equipped an outline of Freud's psychoanalytic method.[63] Kahane broke with Freud and left the Wednesday Psychological Society in 1907 for unknown reasons and in 1923 committed suicide.[70] Reitler used to be the director of an status quo providing thermal treatments in Dorotheergasse which had been based in 1901.[64] He died upfront in 1917. Adler, thought to be probably the most ambitious mind a few of the early Freud circle, used to be a socialist who in 1898 had written a health manual for the tailoring trade. He used to be particularly interested within the doable social impact of psychiatry.[71]
Max Graf, a Viennese musicologist and father of "Little Hans", who had first encountered Freud in 1900 and joined the Wednesday crew soon after its initial inception,[72] described the ritual and environment of the early conferences of the society:
The gatherings adopted a undeniable ritual. First one of the contributors would present a paper. Then, black espresso and muffins were served; cigar and cigarettes had been on the table and have been fed on in great quantities. After a social quarter of an hour, the dialogue would begin. The closing and decisive word used to be at all times spoken by Freud himself. There was once the atmosphere of the root of a religion in that room. Freud himself was its new prophet who made the heretofore prevailing strategies of mental investigation seem superficial.[71]
Carl Jung in 1910By 1906, the group had grown to 16 contributors, together with Otto Rank, who used to be hired as the gang's paid secretary.[71] In the same yr, Freud started a correspondence with Carl Gustav Jung who used to be via then already an academically acclaimed researcher into word-association and the Galvanic Skin Response, and a lecturer at Zurich University, although still handiest an assistant to Eugen Bleuler at the Burghölzli Mental Hospital in Zürich.[73][74] In March 1907, Jung and Ludwig Binswanger, also a Swiss psychiatrist, travelled to Vienna to discuss with Freud and attend the discussion workforce. Thereafter, they established a small psychoanalytic group in Zürich. In 1908, reflecting its rising institutional status, the Wednesday workforce was reconstituted because the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society[75] with Freud as president, a place he relinquished in 1910 in want of Adler in the hope of neutralizing his more and more essential point of view.[76]
The first lady member, Margarete Hilferding, joined the Society in 1910[77] and the next year she was joined by way of Tatiana Rosenthal and Sabina Spielrein who had been both Russian psychiatrists and graduates of the Zürich University scientific school. Prior to the of completion of her research, Spielrein were a patient of Jung on the Burghölzli and the medical and personal details of their courting turned into the topic of an in depth correspondence between Freud and Jung. Both girls would move on to make important contributions to the work of the Russian Psychoanalytic Society founded in 1910.[78]
Freud's early fans met together officially for the first time on the Hotel Bristol, Salzburg on 27 April 1908. This assembly, which used to be retrospectively deemed to be the first International Psychoanalytic Congress,[79] was convened at the recommendation of Ernest Jones, then a London-based neurologist who had found out Freud's writings and begun applying psychoanalytic strategies in his scientific paintings. Jones had met Jung at a convention the former yr and they met up again in Zürich to prepare the Congress. There were, as Jones records, "forty-two present, half of whom were or became practicing analysts."[80] In addition to Jones and the Viennese and Zürich contingents accompanying Freud and Jung, additionally present and notable for his or her subsequent importance in the psychoanalytic motion have been Karl Abraham and Max Eitingon from Berlin, Sándor Ferenczi from Budapest and the New York-based Abraham Brill.
Important decisions have been taken at the Congress with a view to advancing the impact of Freud's paintings. A journal, the Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopathologishe Forschungen, used to be introduced in 1909 under the editorship of Jung. This used to be adopted in 1910 through the per thirty days Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse edited via Adler and Stekel, in 1911 by way of Imago, a magazine devoted to the appliance of psychoanalysis to the sector of cultural and literary studies edited through Rank and in 1913 through the Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse, additionally edited by means of Rank.[81] Plans for a world association of psychoanalysts were put in position and those have been carried out at the Nuremberg Congress of 1910 where Jung was elected, with Freud's strengthen, as its first president.
Freud grew to become to Brill and Jones to further his ambition to spread the psychoanalytic cause within the English-speaking global. Both had been invited to Vienna following the Salzburg Congress and a department of labour was once agreed with Brill given the interpretation rights for Freud's works, and Jones, who was once to soak up a put up at the University of Toronto later within the year, tasked with organising a platform for Freudian ideas in North American academic and scientific lifestyles.[82] Jones's advocacy prepared the best way for Freud's visit to the United States, accompanied via Jung and Ferenczi, in September 1909 on the invitation of Stanley Hall, president of Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, where he gave five lectures on psychoanalysis.[83]
The occasion, at which Freud used to be awarded an Honorary Doctorate, marked the primary public reputation of Freud's paintings and attracted well-liked media interest. Freud's audience integrated the prestigious neurologist and psychiatrist James Jackson Putnam, Professor of Diseases of the Nervous System at Harvard, who invited Freud to his nation retreat the place they held in depth discussions over a duration of 4 days. Putnam's next public endorsement of Freud's work represented a vital step forward for the psychoanalytic cause in the United States.[83] When Putnam and Jones organised the founding of the American Psychoanalytic Association in May 1911 they had been elected president and secretary respectively. Brill founded the New York Psychoanalytic Society the same 12 months. His English translations of Freud's paintings started to seem from 1909.
Resignations from the IPASome of Freud's fans therefore withdrew from the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) and based their own faculties.
From 1909, Adler's perspectives on subjects such as neurosis began to vary markedly from the ones held by Freud. As Adler's position gave the impression more and more incompatible with Freudianism, a sequence of confrontations between their respective viewpoints came about on the conferences of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society in January and February 1911. In February 1911, Adler, then the president of the society, resigned his place. At this time, Stekel additionally resigned his place as vp of the society. Adler after all left the Freudian staff altogether in June 1911 to found his personal organization with nine other contributors who had additionally resigned from the crowd.[84] This new formation was initially called Society for Free Psychoanalysis nevertheless it was soon renamed the Society for Individual Psychology. In the duration after World War I, Adler was more and more related to a psychological place he devised referred to as person psychology.[85]
The committee in 1922 (from left to proper): Otto Rank, Sigmund Freud, Karl Abraham, Max Eitingon, Sándor Ferenczi, Ernest Jones, and Hanns SachsIn 1912, Jung revealed Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (printed in English in 1916 as Psychology of the Unconscious) making it clear that his perspectives have been taking a course fairly other from those of Freud. To distinguish his system from psychoanalysis, Jung called it analytical psychology.[86] Anticipating the general breakdown of the relationship between Freud and Jung, Ernest Jones initiated the formation of a Secret Committee of loyalists charged with safeguarding the theoretical coherence and institutional legacy of the psychoanalytic movement. Formed within the autumn of 1912, the Committee comprised Freud, Jones, Abraham, Ferenczi, Rank, and Hanns Sachs. Max Eitingon joined the committee in 1919. Each member pledged himself now not to make any public departure from the elemental tenets of psychoanalytic principle before he had mentioned his perspectives with the others. After this building, Jung recognised that his position was once untenable and resigned as editor of the Jarhbuch and then as president of the IPA in April 1914. The Zürich Society withdrew from the IPA the next July.[87]
Later the similar 12 months, Freud printed a paper entitled "The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement", the German unique being first printed within the Jahrbuch, giving his view on the delivery and evolution of the psychoanalytic motion and the withdrawal of Adler and Jung from it.
The final defection from Freud's interior circle occurred following the newsletter in 1924 of Rank's The Trauma of Birth which other individuals of the committee read as, in effect, abandoning the Oedipus Complex because the central guideline of psychoanalytic principle. Abraham and Jones became increasingly forceful critics of Rank and despite the fact that he and Freud had been reluctant to finish their close and long-standing relationship the destroy finally came in 1926 when Rank resigned from his professional posts within the IPA and left Vienna for Paris. His place on the Committee was taken by way of Anna Freud.[88] Rank in the end settled in the United States where his revisions of Freudian concept had been to affect a brand new era of therapists uncomfortable with the orthodoxies of the IPA.
Early psychoanalytic motion Part of a chain of articles onPsychoanalysis Concepts Psychosexual building Psychosocial building (Erikson) Unconscious Preconscious Consciousness Psychic equipment Id, ego and super-ego Libido Drive Transference Countertransference Ego defenses Resistance Projection Denial Dreamwork Important figures Karl Abraham Alfred Adler Michael Balint Wilfred Bion Josef Breuer Nancy Chodorow Max Eitingon Erik Erikson Ronald Fairbairn Paul Federn Otto Fenichel Sándor Ferenczi Anna Freud Sigmund Freud Erich Fromm Harry Guntrip Karen Horney Edith Jacobson Ernest Jones Carl Jung Abram Kardiner Heinz Kohut Melanie Klein Jacques Lacan Ronald Laing Jean Laplanche Margaret Mahler Jacques-Alain Miller Sandor Rado Otto Rank Wilhelm Reich Joan Riviere Isidor Sadger Ernst Simmel Sabina Spielrein Wilhelm Stekel James Strachey Harry Stack Sullivan Susan Sutherland Isaacs Donald Winnicott Slavoj Žižek Important works The Interpretation of Dreams (1899) The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901) Three Essays at the Theoryof Sexuality (1905) Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) The Ego and the Id (1923) Schools of idea Adlerian Ego psychology Jungian Lacanian Interpersonal Intersubjective Marxist Object relations Reichian Relational Self psychology Training Boston Graduate School ofPsychoanalysis British Psychoanalytic Council British Psychoanalytical Society Columbia University Center forPsychoanalytic Training and Research International Psychoanalytical Association World Association of Psychoanalysis List of schools of psychoanalysis See additionally Child psychoanalysis Depth psychology Psychodynamics Psychoanalytic principle Psychology portalvteAfter the founding of the IPA in 1910, an international network of psychoanalytical societies, training institutes and clinics become smartly established and a typical schedule of biannual Congresses commenced after the end of World War I to coordinate their actions.[89]
Abraham and Eitingon founded the Berlin Psychoanalytic Society in 1910 and then the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute and the Poliklinik in 1920. The Poliklinik's inventions of unfastened treatment, and child evaluation and the Berlin Institute's standardisation of psychoanalytic coaching had a big influence on the wider psychoanalytic movement. In 1927 Ernst Simmel founded the Schloss Tegel Sanatorium at the outskirts of Berlin, the primary such status quo to provide psychoanalytic treatment in an institutional framework. Freud organised a fund to lend a hand finance its activities and his architect son, Ernst, was commissioned to refurbish the building. It was once compelled to shut in 1931 for economic reasons.[90]
The 1910 Moscow Psychoanalytic Society became the Russian Psychoanalytic Society and Institute in 1922. Freud's Russian followers have been the primary to benefit from translations of his paintings, the 1904 Russian translation of The Interpretation of Dreams showing 9 years before Brill's English version. The Russian Institute was unique in receiving state enhance for its activities, together with newsletter of translations of Freud's works.[91] Support used to be impulsively annulled in 1924, when Joseph Stalin came to energy, and then psychoanalysis was denounced on ideological grounds.[92]
After helping discovered the American Psychoanalytic Association in 1911, Ernest Jones returned to Britain from Canada in 1913 and founded the London Psychoanalytic Society the same year. In 1919, he dissolved this organisation and, with its core club purged of Jungian adherents, founded the British Psychoanalytical Society, serving as its president until 1944. The Institute of Psychoanalysis was established 1924 and the London Clinic of Psychoanalysis established in 1926, both under Jones's directorship.[93]
The Vienna Ambulatorium (Clinic) was once established in 1922 and the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute was once based in 1924 below the directorship of Helene Deutsch.[94] Ferenczi based the Budapest Psychoanalytic Institute in 1913 and a sanatorium in 1929.
Psychoanalytic societies and institutes have been established in Switzerland (1919), France (1926), Italy (1932), the Netherlands (1933), Norway (1933) and in Palestine (Jerusalem, 1933) by Eitingon, who had fled Berlin after Adolf Hitler came to power.[95] The New York Psychoanalytic Institute was founded in 1931.
The 1922 Berlin Congress used to be the remaining Freud attended.[96] By this time his speech had become significantly impaired through the prosthetic instrument he needed in consequence of a sequence of operations on his cancerous jaw. He saved abreast of developments via a typical correspondence with his main followers and by way of the circular letters and meetings of the Secret Committee which he endured to attend.
The Committee continued to serve as until 1927 in which time institutional trends inside the IPA, such as the status quo of the International Training Commission, had addressed issues in regards to the transmission of psychoanalytic principle and apply. There remained, alternatively, vital variations over the problem of lay analysis – i.e. the acceptance of non-medically certified candidates for psychoanalytic coaching. Freud set out his case in favour in 1926 in his The Question of Lay Analysis. He was resolutely adversarial through the American societies who expressed considerations over skilled standards and the chance of litigation (even though kid analysts had been made exempt). These concerns have been also shared by way of some of his European colleagues. Eventually an settlement used to be reached permitting societies autonomy in surroundings criteria for candidature.[97]
In 1930 Freud was awarded the Goethe Prize in popularity of his contributions to psychology and to German literary culture.[98]
PatientsFreud used pseudonyms in his case histories. Some patients identified by means of pseudonyms were Cäcilie M. (Anna von Lieben); Dora (Ida Bauer, 1882–1945); Frau Emmy von N. (Fanny Moser); Fräulein Elisabeth von R. (Ilona Weiss);[99] Fräulein Katharina (Aurelia Kronich); Fräulein Lucy R.; Little Hans (Herbert Graf, 1903–1973); Rat Man (Ernst Lanzer, 1878–1914); Enos Fingy (Joshua Wild, 1878–1920);[100] and Wolf Man (Sergei Pankejeff, 1887–1979). Other famous sufferers incorporated Prince Pedro Augusto of Brazil (1866–1934); H.D. (1886–1961); Emma Eckstein (1865–1924); Gustav Mahler (1860–1911), with whom Freud had only a single, prolonged session; Princess Marie Bonaparte; Edith Banfield Jackson (1895–1977);[101] and Albert Hirst (1887–1974).[102]
CancerIn February 1923, Freud detected a leukoplakia, a benign enlargement associated with heavy smoking, on his mouth. He to start with saved this secret, however in April 1923 he informed Ernest Jones, telling him that the expansion had been got rid of. Freud consulted the dermatologist Maximilian Steiner, who urged him to surrender smoking but lied concerning the enlargement's seriousness, minimizing its importance. Freud later noticed Felix Deutsch, who noticed that the growth was once cancerous; he known it to Freud using the euphemism "a bad leukoplakia" instead of the technical analysis epithelioma. Deutsch suggested Freud to stop smoking and feature the growth excised. Freud was treated through Marcus Hajek, a rhinologist whose competence he had up to now questioned. Hajek performed an useless plastic surgery in his clinic's outpatient division. Freud bled all through and after the operation, and would possibly narrowly have escaped loss of life. Freud subsequently saw Deutsch again. Deutsch noticed that additional surgery would be required, but did not inform Freud he had most cancers because he was once anxious that Freud might want to dedicate suicide.[103]
Escape from NazismIn January 1933, the Nazi Party took keep watch over of Germany, and Freud's books had been outstanding amongst those they burned and destroyed. Freud remarked to Ernest Jones: "What progress we are making. In the Middle Ages they would have burned me. Now, they are content with burning my books."[104] Freud endured to underestimate the growing Nazi danger and remained made up our minds to stay in Vienna, even following the Anschluss of 13 March 1938, wherein Nazi Germany annexed Austria, and the outbreaks of violent antisemitism that ensued.[105] Jones, the then president of the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA), flew into Vienna from London by the use of Prague on 15 March determined to get Freud to change his mind and seek exile in Britain. This prospect and the surprise of the arrest and interrogation of Anna Freud by the Gestapo in the end convinced Freud it was once time to leave Austria.[105] Jones left for London the next week with a list supplied through Freud of the celebration of émigrés for whom immigration lets in could be required. Back in London, Jones used his personal acquaintance with the Home Secretary, Sir Samuel Hoare, to expedite the granting of allows. There have been seventeen in all and paintings permits have been equipped the place relevant. Jones also used his affect in scientific circles, persuading the president of the Royal Society, Sir William Bragg, to write to the Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax, asking for to just right impact that diplomatic force be implemented in Berlin and Vienna on Freud's behalf. Freud also had improve from American diplomats, significantly his ex-patient and American ambassador to France, William Bullitt. Bullitt alerted U.S. President Roosevelt to the increased dangers facing the Freuds, resulting in the American consul-general in Vienna, John Cooper Wiley, arranging regular monitoring of Berggasse 19. He additionally intervened by phone call throughout the Gestapo interrogation of Anna Freud.[106]
The departure from Vienna began in levels all through April and May 1938. Freud's grandson Ernst Halberstadt and Freud's son Martin's wife and kids left for Paris in April. Freud's sister-in-law, Minna Bernays, left for London on 5 May, Martin Freud the following week and Freud's daughter Mathilde and her husband, Robert Hollitscher, on 24 May.[107]
By the tip of the month, preparations for Freud's personal departure for London had become stalled, mired in a legally tortuous and financially extortionate process of negotiation with the Nazi government. Under laws imposed on its Jewish population by the brand new Nazi regime, a Kommissar was appointed to set up Freud's property and the ones of the IPA whose headquarters have been near Freud's home. Freud used to be allocated to Dr. Anton Sauerwald, who had studied chemistry at Vienna University under Professor Josef Herzig, an outdated pal of Freud's. Sauerwald read Freud's books to additional learn about him and turned into sympathetic towards his state of affairs. Though required to disclose details of all Freud's financial institution accounts to his superiors and to prepare the destruction of the ancient library of books housed within the workplaces of the IPA, Sauerwald did neither. Instead he got rid of proof of Freud's foreign bank accounts to his own safe-keeping and arranged the storage of the IPA library within the Austrian National Library the place it remained till the tip of the warfare.[108]
Though Sauerwald's intervention lessened the financial burden of the "flight" tax on Freud's declared belongings, different really extensive charges have been levied in relation to the money owed of the IPA and the precious collection of antiquities Freud possessed. Unable to get admission to his personal accounts, Freud grew to become to Princess Marie Bonaparte, probably the most eminent and wealthy of his French followers, who had travelled to Vienna to offer her give a boost to and it used to be she who made the essential price range to be had.[109] This allowed Sauerwald to sign the vital exit visas for Freud, his spouse Martha and daughter Anna. They left Vienna at the Orient Express on 4 June, accompanied by way of their housekeeper and a health care provider, arriving in Paris the next day to come the place they stayed as visitors of Marie Bonaparte sooner than travelling overnight to London arriving at London Victoria station on 6 June.
Among those soon to call on Freud to pay their respects had been Salvador Dalí, Stefan Zweig, Leonard Woolf, Virginia Woolf and H. G. Wells. Representatives of the Royal Society known as with the Society's Charter for Freud, who had been elected a Foreign Member in 1936, to signal himself into membership. Marie Bonaparte arrived close to the tip of June to discuss the destiny of Freud's four aged sisters left at the back of in Vienna. Her next makes an attempt to get them exit visas failed and they'd all die in Nazi concentration camps.[110]
Freud's closing home, now devoted to his life and work as the Freud Museum, 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead, London NW3, England.In early 1939, Sauerwald arrived in London in mysterious circumstances the place he met Freud's brother Alexander.[111] He was once tried and imprisoned in 1945 through an Austrian courtroom for his actions as a Nazi Party professional. Responding to a plea from his spouse, Anna Freud wrote to confirm that Sauerwald "used his office as our appointed commissar in such a manner as to protect my father". Her intervention helped safe his free up from jail in 1947.[112]
In the Freuds' new house, 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead, North London, Freud's Vienna consulting room was recreated in trustworthy detail. He persevered to see patients there till the terminal levels of his sickness. He additionally labored on his remaining books, Moses and Monotheism, revealed in German in 1938 and in English the next year[113] and the uncompleted An Outline of Psychoanalysis which used to be printed posthumously.
Death Sigmund Freud's ashes within the "Freud Corner" at the Golders Green CrematoriumBy mid-September 1939, Freud's most cancers of the jaw was causing him increasingly more severe pain and had been declared inoperable. The ultimate e book he read, Balzac's La Peau de chagrin, caused reflections on his own expanding frailty and a couple of days later he turned to his physician, friend, and fellow refugee, Max Schur, reminding him that they had prior to now discussed the terminal stages of his illness: "Schur, you remember our 'contract' not to leave me in the lurch when the time had come. Now it is nothing but torture and makes no sense." When Schur replied that he had not forgotten, Freud said, "I thank you," after which "Talk it over with Anna, and if she thinks it's right, then make an end of it." Anna Freud wanted to delay her father's death, but Schur convinced her it used to be useless to keep him alive and on 21 and 22 September administered doses of morphine that led to Freud's demise around 3 am on 23 September 1939.[114][115] However, discrepancies in the various accounts Schur gave of his position in Freud's ultimate hours, which have in turn led to inconsistencies between Freud's main biographers, has led to further analysis and a revised account. This proposes that Schur used to be absent from Freud's deathbed when a 3rd and ultimate dose of morphine used to be administered by Dr. Josephine Stross, a colleague of Anna Freud, main to Freud's demise around midnight on 23 September 1939.[116]
Three days after his death Freud's body used to be cremated at the Golders Green Crematorium in North London, with Harrods performing as funeral directors, on the instructions of his son, Ernst.[117] Funeral orations got by means of Ernest Jones and the Austrian writer Stefan Zweig. Freud's ashes had been later placed in the crematorium's Ernest George Columbarium (see "Freud Corner"). They leisure on a plinth designed via his son, Ernst,[118] in a sealed[117]historic Greek bell krater painted with Dionysian scenes that Freud had received as a present from Marie Bonaparte and which he had kept in his learn about in Vienna for many years. After his wife, Martha, died in 1951, her ashes had been additionally placed within the urn.[119]
Ideas
Early workFreud started his study of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1873.[120] He took nearly 9 years to entire his studies, due to his interest in neurophysiological analysis, in particular investigation of the sexual anatomy of eels and the physiology of the fish apprehensive machine, and because of his pastime in learning philosophy with Franz Brentano. He entered non-public practice in neurology for financial causes, receiving his M.D. degree in 1881 on the age of 25.[121] Amongst his predominant considerations within the Eighteen Eighties was once the anatomy of the brain, particularly the medulla oblongata. He intervened within the necessary debates about aphasia with his monograph of 1891, Zur Auffassung der Aphasien, during which he coined the time period agnosia and counselled in opposition to a too locationist view of the reason of neurological deficits. Like his contemporary Eugen Bleuler, he emphasized brain serve as relatively than mind structure.
Freud was additionally an early researcher in the field of cerebral palsy, which was then known as "cerebral paralysis". He printed several scientific papers at the matter, and showed that the disease existed lengthy prior to different researchers of the length began to notice and learn about it. He additionally instructed that William John Little, the man who first known cerebral palsy, was flawed about lack of oxygen all through start being a motive. Instead, he instructed that complications in delivery had been only a symptom.
Freud was hoping that his analysis would offer a solid clinical foundation for his therapeutic method. The objective of Freudian remedy, or psychoanalysis, was to deliver repressed thoughts and feelings into awareness in order to free the patient from struggling repetitive distorted emotions.
Classically, the bringing of subconscious ideas and emotions to consciousness is brought about via encouraging a patient to talk about desires and engage in loose arrangement, in which sufferers document their ideas without reservation and make no attempt to pay attention while doing so.[122] Another vital component of psychoanalysis is transference, the method during which sufferers displace onto their analysts emotions and concepts which derive from previous figures in their lives. Transference used to be first observed as a regrettable phenomenon that interfered with the restoration of repressed memories and disturbed sufferers' objectivity, however by means of 1912, Freud had come to see it as an crucial section of the therapeutic procedure.[123]
The beginning of Freud's early work with psychoanalysis will also be related to Josef Breuer. Freud credited Breuer with opening the best way to the discovery of the psychoanalytical approach through his remedy of the case of Anna O. In November 1880, Breuer used to be known as in to deal with a very smart 21-year-old girl (Bertha Pappenheim) for a persistent cough that he diagnosed as hysterical. He found that whilst nursing her death father, she had advanced a bunch of transitory signs, including visible problems and paralysis and contractures of limbs, which he additionally diagnosed as hysterical. Breuer began to see his patient virtually every day as the indications larger and was extra power, and noticed that she entered states of absence. He found that when, with his encouragement, she advised delusion stories in her night time states of absence her condition improved, and maximum of her symptoms had disappeared via April 1881. Following the death of her father in that month her situation deteriorated again. Breuer recorded that some of the indications in the end remitted spontaneously, and that complete restoration was completed through inducing her to recall occasions that had prompted the incidence of a selected symptom.[124] In the years in an instant following Breuer's treatment, Anna O. spent three brief sessions in sanatoria with the diagnosis "hysteria" with "somatic symptoms",[125] and some authors have challenged Breuer's published account of a cure.[126][127][128] Richard Skues rejects this interpretation, which he sees as stemming from each Freudian and anti-psychoanalytical revisionism — revisionism that regards each Breuer's narrative of the case as unreliable and his treatment of Anna O. as a failure.[129] Psychologist Frank Sulloway contends that "Freud's case histories are rampant with censorship, distortions, highly dubious 'reconstructions,' and exaggerated claims."[130]
Seduction principleIn the early Eighteen Nineties, Freud used a kind of treatment in keeping with the one that Breuer had described to him, changed by means of what he known as his "pressure technique" and his newly developed analytic technique of interpretation and reconstruction. According to Freud's later accounts of this period, in consequence of his use of this procedure maximum of his sufferers within the mid-1890s reported early childhood sexual abuse. He believed those accounts, which he used as the foundation for his seduction principle, but then he got here to consider that they were fantasies. He defined those to start with as having the function of "fending off" reminiscences of childish masturbation, however in later years he wrote that they represented Oedipal fantasies, stemming from innate drives that are sexual and damaging in nature.[131]
Another model of events makes a speciality of Freud's proposing that subconscious memories of childish sexual abuse had been on the root of the psychoneuroses in letters to Fliess in October 1895, before he reported that he had actually discovered such abuse amongst his patients.[132] In the first 1/2 of 1896, Freud printed 3 papers, which led to his seduction idea, mentioning that he had uncovered, in all of his present patients, deeply repressed memories of sexual abuse in early childhood.[133] In those papers, Freud recorded that his patients weren't consciously conscious of those memories, and will have to therefore be present as unconscious memories if they have been to lead to hysterical symptoms or obsessional neurosis. The patients were subjected to considerable force to "reproduce" childish sexual abuse "scenes" that Freud was satisfied were repressed into the unconscious.[134] Patients were most often unconvinced that their experiences of Freud's medical procedure indicated actual sexual abuse. He reported that even after a supposed "reproduction" of sexual scenes the sufferers assured him emphatically of their disbelief.[135]
As neatly as his pressure method, Freud's clinical procedures involved analytic inference and the symbolic interpretation of signs to trace back to recollections of childish sexual abuse.[136] His declare of a hundred percent confirmation of his idea handiest served to strengthen up to now expressed reservations from his colleagues in regards to the validity of findings acquired thru his suggestive tactics.[137] Freud due to this fact confirmed inconsistency as to whether his seduction idea used to be still appropriate with his later findings.[138] In an addendum to The Aetiology of Hysteria he stated: "All this is true [the sexual abuse of children]; but it must be remembered that at the time I wrote it I had not yet freed myself from my overvaluation of reality and my low valuation of phantasy".[139] Some years later Freud explicitly rejected the declare of his colleague Ferenczi that his sufferers' experiences of sexual molestation were precise reminiscences as an alternative of fantasies, and he tried to dissuade Ferenczi from making his views public.[138] Karin Ahbel-Rappe concludes in her study "'I no longer believe': did Freud abandon the seduction theory?": "Freud marked out and started down a trail of investigation into the nature of the experience of infantile incest and its impact on the human psyche, and then abandoned this direction for the most part."[140]
CocaineAs a medical researcher, Freud was an early consumer and proponent of cocaine as a stimulant as well as analgesic. He believed that cocaine was a cure for lots of psychological and bodily problems, and in his 1884 paper "On Coca" he extolled its virtues. Between 1883 and 1887 he wrote a number of articles recommending scientific packages, together with its use as an antidepressant. He narrowly overlooked out on obtaining scientific priority for discovering its anesthetic homes of which he used to be aware however had mentioned most effective in passing.[141] (Karl Koller, a colleague of Freud's in Vienna, won that difference in 1884 after reporting to a scientific society the tactics cocaine could be utilized in delicate eye surgical procedure.) Freud additionally beneficial cocaine as a cure for morphine addiction.[142] He had introduced cocaine to his pal Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow, who had transform addicted to morphine taken to relieve years of excruciating nerve pain attributable to an an infection received after injuring himself while acting an autopsy. His claim that Fleischl-Marxow was once cured of his habit was once untimely, even though he never acknowledged that he were at fault. Fleischl-Marxow developed an acute case of "cocaine psychosis", and soon returned to the use of morphine, demise a couple of years later nonetheless suffering from intolerable pain.[143]
The utility as an anesthetic became out to be one of the few safe uses of cocaine, and as studies of addiction and overdose started to clear out in from many places on the earth, Freud's clinical popularity turned into reasonably tarnished.[144] After the "Cocaine Episode"[145] Freud ceased to publicly recommend use of the drug, but persevered to take it himself once in a while for despair, migraine and nasal inflammation all through the early 1890s, sooner than discontinuing its use in 1896.[146]
The unconscious Main article: Unconscious thoughtsThe thought of the unconscious was central to Freud's account of the thoughts. Freud believed that while poets and thinkers had lengthy known of the existence of the subconscious, he had ensured that it won medical reputation in the field of psychology.[147]
Freud states explicitly that his concept of the subconscious as he first formulated it was once in accordance with the idea of repression. He postulated a cycle through which concepts are repressed, however stay in the mind, got rid of from awareness yet operative, then reappear in consciousness underneath sure circumstances. The postulate used to be founded upon the investigation of instances of hysteria, which printed circumstances of behaviour in patients that may not be explained without reference to concepts or thoughts of which that they had no awareness and which evaluation printed had been linked to the (actual or imagined) repressed sexual scenarios of childhood. In his later re-formulations of the concept of repression in his 1915 paper 'Repression' (Standard Edition XIV) Freud introduced the honor within the unconscious between primary repression related to the common taboo on incest ('innately present firstly') and repression ('after expulsion') that was once a product of a person's life historical past ('got within the route of the ego's building') by which something that used to be at one point conscious is rejected or eradicated from consciousness.[147]
In his account of the development and amendment of his concept of subconscious mental processes he units out in his 1915 paper 'The Unconscious' (Standard Edition XIV), Freud identifies the 3 perspectives he employs: the dynamic, the economic and the topographical.
The dynamic point of view issues originally the constitution of the unconscious by repression and secondly the method of "censorship" which maintains undesirable, nervousness inducing thoughts as such. Here Freud is drawing on observations from his earliest scientific paintings within the treatment of hysteria.
In the economic perspective the focal point is upon the trajectories of the repressed contents "the vicissitudes of sexual impulses" as they go through complex transformations in the procedure of each symptom formation and commonplace unconscious concept akin to desires and slips of the tongue. These have been topics Freud explored in detail in The Interpretation of Dreams and The Psychopathology of Everyday Life.
Whereas each these former perspectives focus on the subconscious as it is about to enter consciousness, the topographical standpoint represents a shift wherein the systemic properties of the unconscious, its characteristic processes and modes of operation corresponding to condensation and displacement, are placed in the foreground.
This "first topography" presents a fashion of psychic structure comprising 3 techniques:
The System Ucs – the unconscious: "primary process" mentation governed through the pleasure theory characterised via "exemption from mutual contradiction, ... mobility of cathexes, timelessness and replacement of external by psychical reality." ('The Unconscious' (1915) Standard Edition XIV). The System Pcs – the preconscious through which the subconscious thing-presentations of the principle procedure are sure via the secondary processes of language (notice shows), a prerequisite for his or her changing into to be had to consciousness. The System Cns – wide awake concept governed through the reality idea.In his later paintings, particularly in The Ego and the Id (1923), a 2d topography is offered comprising identification, ego and super-ego, which is superimposed on the first without replacing it.[148] In this later system of the idea that of the subconscious the identity[149] comprises a reservoir of instincts or drives a portion of them being hereditary or innate, a portion repressed or acquired. As such, from the economic perspective, the identity is the prime supply of psychical power and from the dynamic point of view it conflicts with the ego[150] and the super-ego[151] which, genetically talking, are variations of the identification.
Dreams Main article: The Interpretation of DreamsFreud believed the function of desires is to maintain sleep through representing as fulfilled wishes that would in a different way awaken the dreamer.[152]
In Freud's idea dreams are instigated by the day by day occurrences and thoughts of everyday life. In what Freud known as the "dream-work", those "secondary process" ideas ("word presentations"), governed by means of the rules of language and the truth idea, turn into matter to the "primary process" of subconscious concept ("thing presentations") governed through the excitement concept, wish gratification and the repressed sexual scenarios of adolescence. Because of the stressful nature of the latter and different repressed thoughts and needs which may have turn into related to them, the dream-work operates a censorship function, disguising by distortion, displacement and condensation the repressed thoughts in order to maintain sleep.[153]
In the medical environment, Freud inspired free arrangement to the dream's manifest content material, as recounted in the dream narrative, in order to facilitate interpretative paintings on its latent content material – the repressed ideas and fantasies – and in addition on the underlying mechanisms and constructions operative within the dream-work. As Freud developed his theoretical paintings on dreams he went beyond his theory of dreams as wish-fulfillments to arrive at an emphasis on dreams as "nothing other than a particular form of thinking. ... It is the dream-work that creates that form, and it alone is the essence of dreaming".[154]
Psychosexual building Main article: Psychosexual constructionFreud's principle of psychosexual development proposes that, following on from the initial polymorphous perversity of infantile sexuality, the sexual "drives" pass in the course of the distinct developmental stages of the oral, the anal, and the phallic. Though these stages then give way to a latency degree of decreased sexual passion and activity (from the age of five to puberty, roughly), they leave, to a better or lesser extent, a "perverse" and bisexual residue which persists right through the formation of adult genital sexuality. Freud argued that neurosis or perversion may well be defined in phrases of fixation or regression to these levels whereas grownup character and cultural creativity may reach a sublimation of their perverse residue.[155]
After Freud's later development of the theory of the Oedipus complicated this normative developmental trajectory becomes formulated in phrases of the child's renunciation of incestuous needs below the fantasised threat of (or phantasised truth of, within the case of the lady) castration.[156] The "dissolution" of the Oedipus advanced is then accomplished when the child's rivalrous id with the parental figure is transformed into the pacifying identifications of the Ego ideal which assume each similarity and distinction and acknowledge the separateness and autonomy of the other.[157]
Freud was hoping to turn out that his fashion was once universally legitimate and grew to become to historical mythology and fresh ethnography for comparative subject material arguing that totemism mirrored a ritualized enactment of a tribal Oedipal battle.[158]
Id, ego, and super-ego Main article: Id, ego and super-ego The iceberg metaphor is frequently used to provide an explanation for the psyche's parts in relation to one every otherFreud proposed that the human psyche might be divided into 3 parts: Id, ego and super-ego. Freud discussed this fashion in the 1920 essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle, and fully elaborated upon it in The Ego and the Id (1923), in which he developed it as a substitute to his previous topographic schema (i.e., awake, subconscious and preconscious). The identification is the completely subconscious, impulsive, childlike portion of the psyche that operates at the "pleasure principle" and is the source of fundamental impulses and drives; it seeks instant excitement and gratification.[159]
Freud acknowledged that his use of the term Id (das Es, "the It") derives from the writings of Georg Groddeck.[149][160] The super-ego is the ethical element of the psyche.[151] The rational ego attempts to actual a balance between the impractical hedonism of the identity and the equally impractical moralism of the super-ego;[150] it is the part of the psyche that is normally reflected most immediately in an individual's actions. When overburdened or threatened by means of its tasks, it may employ defence mechanisms together with denial, repression, undoing, clarification, and displacement. This thought is in most cases represented by way of the "Iceberg Model".[161] This model represents the roles the id, ego, and super- ego play in relation to unsleeping and unconscious idea.
Freud when put next the relationship between the ego and the id to that between a charioteer and his horses: the horses give you the power and power, whilst the charioteer supplies direction.[159]
Life and death drives Main articles: Libido, Death force, and Repetition compulsionFreud believed that the human psyche is topic to two conflicting drives: the life power or libido and the dying force. The life power used to be also termed "Eros" and the dying drive "Thanatos", although Freud did no longer use the latter term; "Thanatos" used to be introduced in this context by means of Paul Federn.[162][163] Freud hypothesized that libido is a sort of mental power with which processes, buildings and object-representations are invested.[164]
In Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920), Freud inferred the life of a death drive. Its premise used to be a regulatory idea that has been described as "the principle of psychic inertia", "the Nirvana principle",[165] and "the conservatism of instinct". Its background was Freud's previous Project for a Scientific Psychology, where he had outlined the main governing the psychological equipment as its tendency to divest itself of amount or to cut back stress to 0. Freud were obliged to abandon that definition, since it proved good enough best to probably the most rudimentary kinds of mental functioning, and changed the idea that the equipment has a tendency towards a degree of zero pressure with the idea that it has a tendency toward a minimal stage of stress.[166]
Freud in impact readopted the original definition in Beyond the Pleasure Principle, this time applying it to a different idea. He asserted that on sure events the mind acts as although it will do away with tension entirely, or in impact to reduce itself to a state of extinction; his key evidence for this was the life of the compulsion to repeat. Examples of such repetition included the dream lifestyles of traumatic neurotics and children's play. In the phenomenon of repetition, Freud noticed a psychic pattern to work over earlier impressions, to grasp them and derive excitement from them, a pattern that was once prior to the excitement concept but no longer adversarial to it. In addition to that development, there was additionally a principle at work that was once adverse to, and thus "beyond" the excitement idea. If repetition is a essential element in the binding of power or adaptation, when carried to inordinate lengths it becomes a means of leaving behind diversifications and reinstating previous or much less evolved psychic positions. By combining this concept with the speculation that all repetition is a kind of discharge, Freud reached the belief that the compulsion to repeat is an effort to repair a state that is each historically primitive and marked via the full draining of energy: loss of life.[166] Such an evidence has been defined through some scholars as "metaphysical biology".[167]
MelancholiaIn his 1917 essay "Mourning and Melancholia", Freud drew a distinction between mourning, painful but an inevitable section of lifestyles, and "melancholia", his term for pathological refusal of a mourner to "decathect" from the misplaced one. Freud claimed that, in standard mourning, the ego was liable for narcissistically detaching the libido from the lost one as a method of self-preservation, but that in "melancholia", prior ambivalence against the lost one prevents this from going on. Suicide, Freud hypothesized, may lead to extreme instances, when unconscious emotions of conflict turned into directed against the mourner's own ego.[168][169]
Femininity and female sexualityInitiating what became the first debate inside of psychoanalysis on femininity, Karen Horney of the Berlin Institute set out to problem Freud's account of the improvement of female sexuality. Rejecting Freud's theories of the female castration complicated and penis envy, Horney argued for a number one femininity and penis envy as a defensive formation quite than bobbing up from the fact, or "injury", of organic asymmetry as Freud held. Horney had the influential fortify of Melanie Klein and Ernest Jones who coined the term "phallocentrism" in his critique of Freud's place.[170]
In protecting Freud in contrast critique, feminist student Jacqueline Rose has argued that it presupposes a more normative account of feminine sexual construction than that given by means of Freud. She notes that Freud moved from a description of the little lady stuck with her 'inferiority' or 'injury' in the face of the anatomy of the little boy to an account in his later work which explicitly describes the method of becoming 'feminine' as an 'damage' or 'disaster' for the complexity of her earlier psychic and sexual life.[171]
According to Freud, "Elimination of clitoral sexuality is a necessary precondition for the development of femininity, since it is immature and masculine in its nature."[172] Freud postulated the concept that of "vaginal orgasm" as break free clitoral orgasm, completed by exterior stimulation of the clitoris. In 1905, he stated that clitoral orgasms are purely an adolescent phenomenon and that, upon attaining puberty, the proper response of mature ladies is a change-over to vaginal orgasms, that means orgasms with none clitoral stimulation. This concept has been criticized on the grounds that Freud provided no proof for this elementary assumption, and as it made many ladies feel inadequate when they could now not succeed in orgasm by way of vaginal intercourse on my own.[173][174][175][176]
Religion Main article: Freud and religionFreud appeared the monotheistic God as an phantasm founded upon the childish emotional need for a powerful, supernatural pater familias. He maintained that religion – once vital to restrain man's violent nature in the early phases of civilization – in modern occasions, can also be set aside in want of explanation why and science.[177] "Obsessive Actions and Religious Practices" (1907) notes the likeness between faith (spiritual trust) and neurotic obsession.[178]Totem and Taboo (1913) proposes that society and religion start with the patricide and eating of the powerful paternal determine, who then turns into a revered collective memory.[179] These arguments had been further evolved in The Future of an Illusion (1927) by which Freud argued that non secular trust serves the serve as of mental comfort. Freud argues the conclusion of a supernatural protector serves as a buffer from guy's "fear of nature" simply as the realization in an afterlife serves as a buffer from guy's worry of death. The core idea of the paintings is that all of non secular trust will also be explained via its serve as to society, no longer for its relation to the truth. This is why, according to Freud, religious ideals are "illusions". In Civilization and Its Discontents (1930), he quotes his friend Romain Rolland, who described religion as an "oceanic sensation", but says he never skilled this feeling.[180]Moses and Monotheism (1937) proposes that Moses was once the tribal pater familias, killed by means of the Jews, who psychologically coped with the patricide with a response formation conducive to their setting up monotheist Judaism;[181] analogously, he described the Roman Catholic rite of Holy Communion as cultural proof of the killing and devouring of the sacred father.[113][182]
Moreover, he perceived faith, with its suppression of violence, as mediator of the societal and personal, the public and the non-public, conflicts between Eros and Thanatos, the forces of life and demise.[183] Later works indicate Freud's pessimism in regards to the future of civilization, which he noted in the 1931 version of Civilization and its Discontents.[184]
In a footnote of his 1909 work, Analysis of a Phobia in a Five 12 months old Boy, Freud theorized that the universal fear of castration was provoked within the uncircumcised when they perceived circumcision and that this was once "the deepest unconscious root of anti-Semitism".[185]
Legacy
The 1971 Sigmund Freud memorial in Hampstead, North London, by means of Oscar Nemon, is positioned near to where Sigmund and Anna Freud lived, now the Freud Museum. The construction at the back of the statue is the Tavistock Clinic, a major mental health care establishment.Freud's legacy, even though a extremely contested area of controversy, was once described via Stephen Frosh as "one of the strongest influences on twentieth-century thought, its impact comparable only to that of Darwinism and Marxism."[186] Henri Ellenberger mentioned that its vary of influence permeated "all the fields of culture ... so far as to change our way of life and concept of man."[187]
PsychotherapyThough no longer the first methodology in the observe of individual verbal psychotherapy,[188] Freud's psychoanalytic machine came to dominate the sector from early in the twentieth century, forming the root for lots of later variants. While these techniques have adopted different theories and methods, all have followed Freud via attempting to succeed in psychic and behavioral exchange through having patients discuss their difficulties.[4] Psychoanalysis is not as influential as it as soon as was in Europe and the United States, although in some parts of the world, significantly Latin America, its influence within the later 20th century expanded substantially. Psychoanalysis additionally stays influential within many contemporary faculties of psychotherapy and has led to leading edge therapeutic work in faculties and with families and groups.[189] There is a substantial body of analysis which demonstrates the efficacy of the medical strategies of psychoanalysis[190] and of similar psychodynamic treatments in treating a wide range of psychological issues.[191]
The neo-Freudians, a bunch together with Alfred Adler, Otto Rank, Karen Horney, Harry Stack Sullivan and Erich Fromm, rejected Freud's concept of instinctual pressure, emphasized interpersonal family members and self-assertiveness, and made adjustments to therapeutic practice that mirrored these theoretical shifts. Adler originated the method, even supposing his affect was once oblique due to his incapacity to systematically formulate his concepts. Neo-Freudian analysis puts more emphasis at the affected person's courting with the analyst and less on exploration of the unconscious.[192]
Carl Jung believed that the collective subconscious, which reflects the cosmic order and the historical past of the human species, is crucial part of the mind. It contains archetypes, that are manifested in symbols that appear in dreams, disturbed states of mind, and more than a few merchandise of culture. Jungians are less all for infantile development and mental struggle between wishes and the forces that frustrate them than in integration between different parts of the individual. The object of Jungian remedy was once to mend such splits. Jung targeted particularly on problems of middle and later existence. His function used to be to permit folks to experience the split-off aspects of themselves, such because the anima (a man's suppressed feminine self), the animus (a woman's suppressed male self), or the shadow (an inferior self-image), and thereby reach knowledge.[192]
Jacques Lacan approached psychoanalysis via linguistics and literature. Lacan believed Freud's crucial work have been finished prior to 1905 and anxious the translation of desires, neurotic signs, and slips, which had been in accordance with a revolutionary manner of figuring out language and its relation to revel in and subjectivity, and that ego psychology and object relations concept have been founded upon misreadings of Freud's work. For Lacan, the determinative dimension of human enjoy is neither the self (as in ego psychology) nor members of the family with others (as in object family members concept), but language. Lacan saw need as more essential than need and considered it essentially ungratifiable.[193]
Wilhelm Reich developed concepts that Freud had advanced originally of his psychoanalytic investigation but then superseded however never in spite of everything discarded. These have been the concept that of the Actualneurosis and a principle of anxiety founded upon the theory of dammed-up libido. In Freud's unique view, what in point of fact took place to an individual (the "actual") made up our minds the ensuing neurotic disposition. Freud implemented that concept each to babies and to adults. In the former case, seductions had been sought as the reasons of later neuroses and in the latter incomplete sexual liberate. Unlike Freud, Reich retained the theory that actual revel in, especially sexual enjoy, was once of key significance. By the 1920s, Reich had "taken Freud's original ideas about sexual release to the point of specifying the orgasm as the criteria of healthy function." Reich used to be additionally "developing his ideas about character into a form that would later take shape, first as "muscular armour", and eventually as a transducer of universal biological energy, the "orgone"."[192]
Fritz Perls, who helped to broaden Gestalt therapy, used to be influenced through Reich, Jung and Freud. The key idea of gestalt therapy is that Freud lost sight of the structure of awareness, "an active process that moves toward the construction of organized meaningful wholes ... between an organism and its environment." These wholes, referred to as gestalts, are "patterns involving all the layers of organismic function – thought, feeling, and activity." Neurosis is noticed as splitting within the formation of gestalts, and anxiety because the organism sensing "the struggle towards its creative unification." Gestalt treatment makes an attempt to remedy sufferers thru putting them in contact with "immediate organismic needs." Perls rejected the verbal means of classical psychoanalysis; talking in gestalt treatment serves the aim of self-expression reasonably than gaining self-knowledge. Gestalt therapy most often takes position in teams, and in concentrated "workshops" moderately than being spread out over a long period of time; it has been prolonged into new forms of communal dwelling.[192]
Arthur Janov's primal treatment, which has been an influential post-Freudian psychotherapy, resembles psychoanalytic treatment in its emphasis on early adolescence enjoy, but has also variations with it. While Janov's concept is akin to Freud's early idea of Actualneurosis, he does not have a dynamic psychology however a nature psychology like that of Reich or Perls, wherein want is primary while wish is spinoff and dispensable when want is met. Despite its surface similarity to Freud's concepts, Janov's theory lacks a strictly mental account of the subconscious and belief in infantile sexuality. While for Freud there was a hierarchy of risk scenarios, for Janov the key occasion in the child's existence is consciousness that the fogeys don't like it.[192] Janov writes in The Primal Scream (1970) that primal therapy has in many ways returned to Freud's early concepts and strategies.[194]
Ellen Bass and Laura Davis, co-authors of The Courage to Heal (1988), are described as "champions of survivorship" by Frederick Crews, who considers Freud the key affect upon them, even though in his view they're indebted no longer to classic psychoanalysis however to "the pre-psychoanalytic Freud ... who supposedly took pity on his hysterical patients, found that they were all harboring memories of early abuse ... and cured them by unknotting their repression." Crews sees Freud as having anticipated the recovered reminiscence movement by means of emphasizing "mechanical cause-and-effect relations between symptomatology and the premature stimulation of one body zone or another", and with pioneering its "technique of thematically matching a patient's symptom with a sexually symmetrical 'memory.'" Crews believes that Freud's self belief in correct recall of early reminiscences anticipates the theories of recovered memory therapists corresponding to Lenore Terr, which in his view have led to folks being wrongfully imprisoned or curious about litigation.[195]
ScienceResearch initiatives designed to check Freud's theories empirically have led to a vast literature on the subject.[196] American psychologists started to attempt to study repression within the experimental laboratory around 1930. In 1934, when the psychologist Saul Rosenzweig sent Freud reprints of his makes an attempt to find out about repression, Freud answered with a dismissive letter declaring that "the wealth of reliable observations" on which psychoanalytic assertions were based made them "independent of experimental verification."[197] Seymour Fisher and Roger P. Greenberg concluded in 1977 that some of Freud's concepts had been supported by empirical evidence. Their evaluation of analysis literature supported Freud's concepts of oral and anal persona constellations, his account of the function of Oedipal components in sure facets of male persona functioning, his formulations concerning the reasonably larger fear about loss of love in ladies's as compared to males's persona economy, and his views concerning the instigating effects of homosexual anxieties on the formation of paranoid delusions. They also discovered restricted and equivocal strengthen for Freud's theories about the building of homosexuality. They found that several of Freud's other theories, together with his portrayal of goals as basically boxes of secret, subconscious wishes, in addition to some of his perspectives concerning the psychodynamics of women, had been either no longer supported or contradicted via research. Reviewing the problems once more in 1996, they concluded that a lot experimental data related to Freud's work exists, and supports some of his main ideas and theories.[198]
Other viewpoints include the ones of Hans Eysenck, who writes in Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire (1985) that Freud set back the learn about of psychology and psychiatry "by something like fifty years or more",[199] and Malcolm Macmillan, who concludes in Freud Evaluated (1991) that "Freud's method is not capable of yielding objective data about mental processes".[200] Morris Eagle states that it's been "demonstrated quite conclusively that because of the epistemologically contaminated status of clinical data derived from the clinical situation, such data have questionable probative value in the testing of psychoanalytic hypotheses".[201]Richard Webster, in Why Freud Was Wrong (1995), described psychoanalysis as most likely probably the most advanced and a hit pseudoscience in history.[202] Crews believes that psychoanalysis has no scientific or healing advantage.[203]
I.B. Cohen regards Freud's Interpretation of Dreams as a revolutionary work of science, the last such work to be printed in book form.[204] In distinction Allan Hobson believes that Freud, by means of rhetorically discrediting 19th century investigators of desires similar to Alfred Maury and the Marquis de Hervey de Saint-Denis at a time when find out about of the body structure of the mind was once only beginning, interrupted the improvement of scientific dream concept for half of a century.[205] The dream researcher G. William Domhoff has disputed claims of Freudian dream concept being validated.[206]
Karl Popper argued that Freud's psychoanalytic theories were unfalsifiable.The thinker Karl Popper, who argued that all right kind medical theories should be doubtlessly falsifiable, claimed that Freud's Psychoanalytic Theories have been introduced in unfalsifiable shape, meaning that no experiment may just ever disprove them.[207] The thinker Adolf Grünbaum argues in The Foundations of Psychoanalysis (1984) that Popper was fallacious and that many of Freud's theories are empirically testable, a place with which others such as Eysenck agree.[208][209] The thinker Roger Scruton, writing in Sexual Desire (1986), additionally rejected Popper's arguments, pointing to the speculation of repression as an example of a Freudian concept that does have testable consequences. Scruton nevertheless concluded that psychoanalysis isn't surely scientific, at the grounds that it comes to an unacceptable dependence on metaphor.[210] The philosopher Donald Levy has the same opinion with Grünbaum that Freud's theories are falsifiable however disputes Grünbaum's competition that therapeutic luck is only the empirical basis on which they stand or fall, arguing that a wider vary of empirical evidence may also be adduced if medical case material is considered.[211]
In a study of psychoanalysis in the United States, Nathan Hale reported at the "decline of psychoanalysis in psychiatry" all the way through the years 1965–1985.[212] The continuation of this trend was once noted through Alan Stone: "As academic psychology becomes more 'scientific' and psychiatry more biological, psychoanalysis is being brushed aside."[213] Paul Stepansky, whilst noting that psychoanalysis remains influential in the humanities, records the "vanishingly small number of psychiatric residents who choose to pursue psychoanalytic training" and the "nonanalytic backgrounds of psychiatric chairpersons at major universities" among the evidence he cites for his conclusion that "Such historical trends attest to the marginalisation of psychoanalysis within American psychiatry."[214] Nonetheless Freud was once ranked as the 3rd most cited psychologist of the 20th century, according to a Review of General Psychology survey of American psychologists and psychology texts, revealed in 2002.[215] It may be claimed that in transferring beyond the "orthodoxy of the not so distant past ... new ideas and new research has led to an intense reawakening of interest in psychoanalysis from neighbouring disciplines ranging from the humanities to neuroscience and including the non-analytic therapies".[216]
Research in the emerging box of neuropsychoanalysis, founded via neuroscientist and psychoanalyst Mark Solms,[217] has proved arguable with some psychoanalysts criticising the very concept itself.[218] Solms and his colleagues have argued for neuro-scientific findings being "broadly consistent" with Freudian theories pointing out brain constructions pertaining to to Freudian ideas corresponding to libido, drives, the unconscious, and repression.[219][220] Neuroscientists who've counseled Freud's work come with David Eagleman who believes that Freud "transformed psychiatry" through providing " the first exploration of the way in which hidden states of the brain participate in driving thought and behavior"[221] and Nobel laureate Eric Kandel who argues that "psychoanalysis still represents the most coherent and intellectually satisfying view of the mind."[222]
Philosophy See additionally: Freudo-Marxism Herbert Marcuse noticed similarities between psychoanalysis and Marxism.Psychoanalysis has been interpreted as both radical and conservative. By the Forties, it had come to be seen as conservative by the European and American intellectual neighborhood. Critics out of doors the psychoanalytic movement, whether on the political left or proper, saw Freud as a conservative. Fromm had argued that several facets of psychoanalytic principle served the interests of political reaction in his The Fear of Freedom (1942), an overview confirmed by sympathetic writers on the right. In Freud: The Mind of the Moralist (1959), Philip Rieff portrayed Freud as a man who steered men to make the most efficient of an inevitably unhappy fate, and admirable for that explanation why. In the Fifties, Herbert Marcuse challenged the then prevailing interpretation of Freud as a conservative in Eros and Civilization (1955), as did Lionel Trilling in Freud and the Crisis of Our Culture and Norman O. Brown in Life Against Death (1959).[223]Eros and Civilization helped make the speculation that Freud and Karl Marx had been addressing similar questions from different perspectives credible to the left. Marcuse criticized neo-Freudian revisionism for discarding reputedly pessimistic theories such because the demise instinct, arguing that they may well be turned in a utopian course. Freud's theories additionally influenced the Frankfurt School and demanding theory as a whole.[224]
Freud has been compared to Marx through Reich, who saw Freud's significance for psychiatry as parallel to that of Marx for economics,[225] and through Paul Robinson, who sees Freud as a revolutionary whose contributions to twentieth century idea are similar in significance to Marx's contributions to 19th century idea.[226] Fromm calls Freud, Marx, and Einstein the "architects of the modern age", however rejects the speculation that Marx and Freud have been equally important, arguing that Marx was each far more historically necessary and a finer thinker. Fromm however credit Freud with permanently changing the way in which human nature is understood.[227]Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari write in Anti-Oedipus (1972) that psychoanalysis resembles the Russian Revolution in that it become corrupted almost from the beginning. They consider this began with Freud's development of the idea of the Oedipus complex, which they see as idealist.[228]
Jean-Paul Sartre reviews Freud's principle of the subconscious in Being and Nothingness (1943), claiming that awareness is largely self-conscious. Sartre additionally makes an attempt to adapt some of Freud's ideas to his own account of human life, and thereby develop an "existential psychoanalysis" wherein causal categories are changed via teleological categories.[229]Maurice Merleau-Ponty considers Freud to be one of the anticipators of phenomenology,[230] while Theodor W. Adorno considers Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, to be Freud's philosophical reverse, writing that Husserl's polemic towards psychologism may have been directed in opposition to psychoanalysis.[231]Paul Ricœur sees Freud as one of the three "masters of suspicion", alongside Marx and Nietzsche,[232] for their unmasking 'the lies and illusions of awareness'.[233] Ricœur and Jürgen Habermas have helped create a "hermeneutic version of Freud", one that "claimed him as the most significant progenitor of the shift from an objectifying, empiricist understanding of the human realm to one stressing subjectivity and interpretation."[234]Louis Althusser drew on Freud's idea of overdetermination for his reinterpretation of Marx's Capital.[235]Jean-François Lyotard evolved a theory of the unconscious that reverses Freud's account of the dream-work: for Lyotard, the unconscious is a force whose depth is manifest via disfiguration rather than condensation.[236]Jacques Derrida finds Freud to be each a past due figure in the history of western metaphysics and, with Nietzsche and Heidegger, a precursor of his own emblem of radicalism.[237]
Several students see Freud as parallel to Plato, writing that they grasp just about the same concept of dreams and have identical theories of the tripartite construction of the human soul or persona, despite the fact that the hierarchy between the parts of the soul is nearly reversed.[238][239]Ernest Gellner argues that Freud's theories are an inversion of Plato's. Whereas Plato saw a hierarchy inherent within the nature of fact, and relied upon it to validate norms, Freud was once a naturalist who could not apply such an method. Both males's theories drew a parallel between the structure of the human thoughts and that of society, however while Plato wanted to enhance the super-ego, which corresponded to the aristocracy, Freud sought after to make stronger the ego, which corresponded to the middle class.[240]Paul Vitz compares Freudian psychoanalysis to Thomism, noting St. Thomas's belief in the life of an "unconscious consciousness" and his "frequent use of the word and concept 'libido' – sometimes in a more specific sense than Freud, but always in a manner in agreement with the Freudian use." Vitz suggests that Freud may have been unaware his principle of the subconscious was once reminiscent of Aquinas.[29]
Literature and literary grievanceThe poem "In Memory of Sigmund Freud" was published via British poet W. H. Auden in his 1940 assortment Another Time. Auden describes Freud as having created "a whole climate of opinion / under whom we conduct our different lives."[241][242]
Literary critic Harold Bloom has been influenced by way of Freud.[243]Camille Paglia has also been influenced by Freud, whom she calls "Nietzsche's heir" and one of the greatest sexual psychologists in literature, but has rejected the scientific status of his work in her Sexual Personae (1990), writing, "Freud has no rivals among his successors because they think he wrote science, when in fact he wrote art."[244]
Feminism Betty Friedan criticizes Freud's view of women in her 1963 e-book The Feminine Mystique.[245]The decline in Freud's recognition has been attributed in part to the revival of feminism.[246]Simone de Beauvoir criticizes psychoanalysis from an existentialist point of view in The Second Sex (1949), arguing that Freud noticed an "original superiority" in the male that is if truth be told socially induced.[247]Betty Friedan criticizes Freud and what she considered his Victorian view of ladies in The Feminine Mystique (1963).[245] Freud's concept of penis envy was attacked by way of Kate Millett, who in Sexual Politics (1970) accused him of confusion and oversights.[248] In 1968, the US-American feminist Anne Koedt wrote in her essay The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm: "It was Freud's feelings about women's secondary and inferior relationship to men that formed the basis for his theories on female sexuality. Once having laid down the law about the nature of our sexuality, Freud not so strangely discovered a tremendous problem of frigidity in women. His recommended cure for a woman who was frigid was psychiatric care. She was suffering from failure to mentally adjust to her 'natural' role as a woman."[249]Naomi Weisstein writes that Freud and his followers erroneously idea his "years of intensive clinical experience" added up to clinical rigor.[250]
Freud could also be criticized by way of Shulamith Firestone and Eva Figes. In The Dialectic of Sex (1970), Firestone argues that Freud used to be a "poet" who produced metaphors moderately than literal truths; in her view, Freud, like feminists, known that sexuality used to be the a very powerful drawback of fashionable life, however omitted the social context and failed to question society itself. Firestone translates Freud's "metaphors" in terms of the facts of energy inside the family. Figes tries in Patriarchal Attitudes (1970) to place Freud within a "history of ideas". Juliet Mitchell defends Freud in opposition to his feminist critics in Psychoanalysis and Feminism (1974), accusing them of misreading him and misunderstanding the consequences of psychoanalytic concept for feminism. Mitchell helped introduce English-speaking feminists to Lacan.[247] Mitchell is criticized by Jane Gallop in The Daughter's Seduction (1982). Gallop compliments Mitchell for her criticism of feminist discussions of Freud, but reveals her remedy of Lacanian theory missing.[251]
Some French feminists, among them Julia Kristeva and Luce Irigaray, have been influenced by means of Freud as interpreted through Lacan.[252] Irigaray has produced a theoretical problem to Freud and Lacan, the use of their theories in opposition to them to put ahead a "psychoanalytic explanation for theoretical bias". Irigaray, who claims that "the cultural unconscious only recognizes the male sex", describes how this affects "accounts of the psychology of women".[253]
Psychologist Carol Gilligan writes that "The penchant of developmental theorists to project a masculine image, and one that appears frightening to women, goes back at least to Freud." She sees Freud's complaint of girls's sense of justice reappearing in the work of Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg. Gilligan notes that Nancy Chodorow, against this to Freud, attributes sexual difference not to anatomy but to the reality that female and male children have other early social environments. Chodorow, writing in opposition to the masculine bias of psychoanalysis, "replaces Freud's negative and derivative description of female psychology with a positive and direct account of her own."[254]
Toril Moi has evolved a feminist viewpoint on psychoanalysis proposing that this is a discourse that "attempts to understand the psychic consequences of three universal traumas: the fact that there are others, the fact of sexual difference, and the fact of death".[255] She replaces Freud's time period of castration with Stanley Cavell's concept of "victimization" which is a more universal time period that applies similarly to each sexes.[256] Moi regards this idea of human finitude as a suitable replacement for both castration and sexual difference as the disturbing "discovery of our separate, sexed, mortal existence" and the way both men and women come to terms with it.[257]
In popular culture
Sigmund Freud on a 1986 50 Austrian schilling banknoteSigmund Freud is the topic of 3 primary motion pictures or TV sequence, the first of which was 1962's Freud: The Secret Passion starring Montgomery Clift as Freud, directed through John Huston from a revision of a script via an uncredited Jean-Paul Sartre. The film is interested by Freud's early existence from 1885 to 1890, and combines a couple of case research of Freud into single ones, and multiple friends of his into single characters.[258]
In 1984, the BBC produced the 6-episode mini-series Freud: the Life of a Dream starring David Suchet within the lead function.[259]
The degree play The Talking Cure and next movie A Dangerous Method focus at the warfare between Freud and Carl Jung. Both are written via Christopher Hampton and are in part in line with the non-fiction ebook A Most Dangerous Method by means of John Kerr. Viggo Mortensen performs Freud and Michael Fassbender performs Jung. The play is a reworking of an previous unfilmed screenplay.[260]
More fanciful employments of Freud in fiction are The Seven-Per-Cent Solution by Nicholas Meyer, which centers on an encounter between Freud and the fictitious detective Sherlock Holmes, with a major section of the plot seeing Freud serving to Holmes overcome his cocaine addiction.[261] Similarly, the 2020 Austrian-German collection Freud involves a tender Freud solving murder mysteries.[262] The series has been criticized for having Freud be helped through a medium with real paranormal powers, when if truth be told Freud used to be moderately skeptical of the mystical.[263][264]
Mark St. Germain's 2009 play Freud's Last Session imagines a gathering between C. S. Lewis, aged 40, and Freud, elderly 83, at Freud's house in Hampstead, London, in 1939, as the Second World War is about to break out. The play is focused at the two men discussing faith and whether it should be observed as an indication of neurosis.[265] The play is inspired by way of the 2003 non-fiction ebook The Question of God: C.S. Lewis and Sigmund Freud Debate God, Love, Sex, and the Meaning of Life via Armand Nicholi which also impressed a four-part non-fiction PBS sequence.[266][267] (Although, no such meeting came about, June Flewett, who as a teen stayed with C.S. Lewis and his brother all the way through the wartime London air-raids, later married Freud's grandson Clement Freud.)[268]
Freud is hired to extra comedian impact in the 1983 movie Lovesick by which Alec Guinness plays Freud's ghost who gives love advice to a modern psychiatrist played by means of Dudley Moore.[269] Freud may be offered in a comedic mild in the 1989 movie, Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure. Portrayed by way of Rod Loomis, Freud is one of several historic figures recruited by means of the film's time traveling lead characters to lend a hand them in passing their highschool history magnificence presentation.[270]
Canadian creator Kim Morrissey's degree play concerning the Dora case Dora: A Case of Hysteria attempts to completely debunk Freud's approach to the case.[271] French playwright Hélène Cixous' 1976 Portrait of Dora could also be vital of Freud's means, even though much less acerbically.[272]
Works
Main article: Sigmund Freud bibliography Books 1891 On Aphasia 1895 Studies on Hysteria (co-authored with Josef Breuer) 1899 The Interpretation of Dreams 1901 On Dreams (abridged model of The Interpretation of Dreams) 1904 The Psychopathology of Everyday Life 1905 Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious 1905 Three Essays at the Theory of Sexuality 1907 Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva 1910 Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis 1910 Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood 1913 Totem and Taboo: Resemblances between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics 1915–17 Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis 1920 Beyond the Pleasure Principle 1921 Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego 1923 The Ego and the Id 1926 Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety 1926 The Question of Lay Analysis 1927 The Future of an Illusion 1930 Civilization and Its Discontents 1933 New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis 1939 Moses and Monotheism 1940 An Outline of Psychoanalysis 1967 Thomas Woodrow Wilson: A Psychological Study, with William C. BullitCase histories 1905 Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria (the Dora case historical past) 1909 Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy (the Little Hans case history) 1909 Notes upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis (the Rat Man case historical past) 1911 Psycho-Analytic Notes on an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia (the Schreber case) 1918 From the History of an Infantile Neurosis (the Wolfman case history) 1920 The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman[273] 1923 A Seventeenth-Century Demonological Neurosis (the Haizmann case)Papers on sexuality 1906 My Views on the Part Played by way of Sexuality within the Aetiology of the Neuroses 1908 "Civilized" Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness 1910 A Special Type of Choice of Object made via Men 1912 Types of Onset of Neurosis 1912 The Most Prevalent Form of Degradation in Erotic Life 1913 The Disposition to Obsessional Neurosis 1915 A Case of Paranoia Running Counter to the Psycho-Analytic Theory of the Disease 1919 A Child is Being Beaten: A Contribution to the Origin of Sexual Perversions 1922 Medusa's Head 1922 Some Neurotic Mechanisms in Jealousy, Paranoia and Homosexuality 1923 Infantile Genital Organisation 1924 The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex 1925 Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction between the Sexes 1927 Fetishism 1931 Female Sexuality 1938 The Splitting of the Ego in the Process of DefenceAutobiographical papers 1899 An Autobiographical Note 1914 On the History of the Psychoanalytic Movement 1925 An Autobiographical Study (1935 Revised version with Postscript).The Standard EditionThe Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Translated from the German below the overall editorship of James Strachey, in collaboration with Anna Freud, assisted by Alix Strachey, Alan Tyson, and Angela Richards. 24 volumes, London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953–1974.
Vol. I Pre-Psycho-Analytic Publications and Unpublished Drafts (1886–1899). Vol. II Studies in Hysteria (1893–1895). By Josef Breuer and S. Freud. Vol. III Early Psycho-Analytic Publications (1893–1899) Vol. IV The Interpretation of Dreams (I) (1900) Vol. V The Interpretation of Dreams (II) and On Dreams (1900–1901) Vol. VI The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901) Vol. VII A Case of Hysteria, Three Essays on Sexuality and Other Works (1901–1905) Vol. VIII Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious (1905) Vol. IX Jensen's 'Gradiva,' and Other Works (1906–1909) Vol. X The Cases of 'Little Hans' and the Rat Man' (1909) Vol. XI Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, Leonardo and Other Works (1910) Vol. XII The Case of Schreber, Papers on Technique and Other Works (1911–1913) Vol. XIII Totem and Taboo and Other Works (1913–1914) Vol. XIV at the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement, Papers on Meta-psychology and Other Works (1914–1916) Vol. XV Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (Parts I and II) (1915–1916) Vol. XVI Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (Part III) (1916–1917) Vol. XVII An Infantile Neurosis and Other Works (1917–1919) Vol. XVIII Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Group Psychology and Other Works (1920–1922) Vol. XIX The Ego and the Id and Other Works (1923–1925) Vol. XX An Autobiographical Study, Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety, Lay Analysis and Other Works (1925–1926) Vol. XXI The Future of an Illusion, Civilization and its Discontents and Other Works (1927–1931) Vol. XXII New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis and Other Works (1932–1936) Vol. XXIII Moses and Monotheism, An Outline of Psycho-Analysis and Other Works (1937–1939) Vol. XXIV Indexes and Bibliographies (Compiled by Angela Richards,1974)Correspondence
Selected Letters of Sigmund Freud to Martha Bernays, Ansh Mehta and Ankit Patel (eds), CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015. ISBN 978-1-5151-3703-0 Correspondence: Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud, Cambridge: Polity 2014. ISBN 978-0-7456-4149-2 The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Otto Rank: Inside Psychoanalysis (eds. E.J. Lieberman and Robert Kramer). Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012. The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887–1904, (editor and translator Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson), 1985, ISBN 978-0-674-15420-9 The Sigmund Freud Carl Gustav Jung Letters, Publisher: Princeton University Press; Abr version, 1994, ISBN 978-0-691-03643-4 The Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Karl Abraham, 1907–1925, Publisher: Karnac Books, 2002, ISBN 978-1-85575-051-7 The Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Ernest Jones, 1908–1939., Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 1995, ISBN 978-0-674-15424-7 The Sigmund Freud – Ludwig Binswanger Correspondence 1908–1939, London: Other Press 2003, ISBN 1-892746-32-8 The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi, Volume 1, 1908–1914, Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-674-17418-4 The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi, Volume 2, 1914–1919, Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-674-17419-1 The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi, Volume 3, 1920–1933, Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-674-00297-5 The Letters of Sigmund Freud to Eduard Silberstein, 1871–1881, Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-52828-4 Psycho-Analysis and Faith: The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Oskar Pfister. Trans. Eric Mosbacher. Heinrich Meng and Ernst L. Freud. eds London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1963. Sigmund Freud and Lou Andreas-Salome; Letters, Publisher: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1972, ISBN 978-0-15-133490-2 The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Arnold Zweig, Publisher: New York University Press, 1987, ISBN 978-0-8147-2585-6 Letters of Sigmund Freud – decided on and edited by means of Ernst Ludwig Freud, Publisher: New York: Basic Books, 1960, ISBN 978-0-486-27105-7See additionally
The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud Archives Freud Museum (London) Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna) A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière Afterwardsness Freudian slip Freudo-Marxism School of Brentano Hedgehog's catch 22 situation Hidden personality Histrionic personality disorder Psychoanalytic literary criticism Psychodynamics Saul Rosenzweig Signorelli parapraxis The Freudian Coverup The Passions of the Mind UncannyNotes
^ Halberstadt, Max (c. 1921). "Sigmund Freud, half-length portrait, facing left, holding cigar in right hand". Library of Congress. Archived from the unique on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017. ^ Tansley, A.G. (1941). "Sigmund Freud. 1856–1939". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3 (9): 246–75. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1941.0002. JSTOR 768889. S2CID 163056149. ^ "Freud" Archived 23 December 2014 on the Wayback Machine. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. ^ a b Ford & Urban 1965, p. 109 ^ Noel Sheehy; Alexandra Forsythe (2013). "Sigmund Freud". Fifty Key Thinkers in Psychology. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-70493-4. ^ Eric R. Kandel The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present. New York: Random House 2012, pp. 45–46. ^ Gay 2006, pp. 136–37. ^ Jones, Ernest (1949) What is Psychoanalysis ? London: Allen & Unwin. p. 47. ^ Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious, London: Verso 2015 [1971], pp. 49–51, 152–54. ^ Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious, London: Verso 2015 [1971], pp. 146–47. ^ For its efficacy and the affect of psychoanalysis on psychiatry and psychotherapy, see The Challenge to Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Chapter 9, Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry: A Changing Relationship Archived 6 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine by means of Robert Michels, 1999 and Tom Burns Our Necessary Shadow: The Nature and Meaning of Psychiatry London: Allen Lane 2013 pp. 96–97. For the affect on psychology, see The Psychologist, December 2000 Archived 31 December 2014 on the Wayback Machine For the affect of psychoanalysis in the humanities, see J. Forrester The Seductions of Psychoanalysis Cambridge University Press 1990, pp. 2–3. For the talk on efficacy, see Fisher, S. and Greenberg, R.P., Freud Scientifically Reappraised: Testing the Theories and Therapy, New York: John Wiley, 1996, pp. 193–217 For the controversy on the clinical standing of psychoanalysis see Stevens, Richard (1985). Freud and Psychoanalysis. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. pp. 91–116. ISBN 978-0-335-10180-1., Gay (2006) p. 745, and Solms, Mark (2018). "The scientific standing of psychoanalysis". BJPsych International. 15 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1192/bji.2017.4. PMC 6020924. PMID 29953128. For the talk on psychoanalysis and feminism, see Appignanesi, Lisa & Forrester, John. Freud's Women. London: Penguin Books, 1992, pp. 455–74. ^ Thurschwell, Pamela (2009). Sigmund Freud. London: Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-21520-6. ^ Gresser 1994, p. 225. ^ Emanuel Rice (1990). Freud and Moses: The Long Journey Home. SUNY Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7914-0453-9. ^ Gay 2006, pp. 4–8; Clark 1980, p. 4. For Jakob's Torah study, see Meissner 1993, p. 233. For the date of the marriage, see Rice 1990, p. 55. ^ Deborah P. Margolis, M.A. (1989). "Margolis 1989". Mod. Psychoanal: 37–56. Archived from the unique on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014. ^ Jones, Ernest (1964) Sigmund Freud: Life and Work. Edited and abridged via Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books p. 37. ^ Hothersall 2004, p. 276. ^ Hothersall 1995 ^ See "past studies of eels" and references therein. ^ Costandi, Mo (10 March 2014). "Freud was a pioneering neuroscientist". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 May 2018.In this era he printed 3 papers: Freud, Sigmund (1877). Über den Ursprung der hinteren Nervenwurzeln im Rückenmark von Ammocoetes (Petromyzon Planeri) [On the Origin of the Posterior Nerve Roots within the Spinal Cord of Ammocoetes (Petromyzon Planeri)] (in German). na. Freud, Sigmund (1878). Über Spinalganglien und Rückenmark des Petromyzon [On the Spinal Ganglia and Spinal Cord of Petromyzon] (in German). Freud, Sigmund (April 1884). "A New Histological Method for the Study of Nerve-Tracts in the Brain and Spinal Cord". Brain. 7 (1): 86–88. doi:10.1093/mind/7.1.86. ^ Gay 2006 p. 36. ^ Sulloway 1992 [1979], p. 22. ^ Wallesch, Claus (2004). "History of Aphasia Freud as an aphasiologist". Aphasiology. 18 (April): 389–399. doi:10.1080/02687030344000599. S2CID 144976195. ^ Gay 2006, pp. 42–47. ^ Peter J. Swales, "Freud, Minna Bernays and the Conquest of Rome: New Light on the Origins of Psychoanalysis", The New American Review, Spring/Summer 1982, pp. 1–23, which also comprises hypothesis over an abortion. see Gay 2006, pp. 76, 752–Fifty three for a sceptical rejoinder to Swales. for the invention of the resort log see Blumenthal, Ralph (24 December 2006). "Hotel log hints at desire that Freud didn't repress – Europe – International Herald Tribune". The New York Times. Archived from the unique on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2014. see additionally 'Minna Bernays as "Mrs. Freud": What Sort of Relationship Did Sigmund Freud Have with His Sister-in-Law?' through Franz Maciejewski and Jeremy Gaines, American Imago, Volume 65, Number 1, Spring 2008, pp. 5–21. ^ Gay 2006, pp. 77, 169. ^ Freud and Bonaparte 2009, pp. 238–39. ^ a b Vitz 1988, pp. 53–54. ^ Sulloway 1992 [1979], pp. 66–67, 116. ^ Daniel Leader, Freud's Footnotes, London, Faber, 2000, pp. 34–45. ^ Pigman, G.W. (1995). "Freud and the history of empathy". The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. 76 (Pt 2): 237–56. PMID 7628894. ^ Schopenhauer and Freud., Young C. – Brook A. (February 1994). "Schopenhauer and Freud". Int J Psychoanal. A detailed learn about of Schopenhauer's central work, 'The World as Will and Representation', unearths that a host of Freud's most characteristic doctrines had been first articulated by means of Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer's concept of the will incorporates the foundations of what in Freud become the concepts of the unconscious and the identification. Schopenhauer's writings on madness await Freud's concept of repression and his first principle of the aetiology of neurosis. Schopenhauer's work incorporates facets of what grow to be the idea of unfastened arrangement. And most significantly, Schopenhauer articulates main portions of the Freudian idea of sexuality. These correspondences carry some attention-grabbing questions about Freud's denial that he even learn Schopenhauer till past due in life. ^ Paul Roazen, in Dufresne, Todd (ed). Returns of the French Freud: Freud, Lacan, and Beyond. New York and London: Routledge Press, 1997, pp. 13–15. ^ Gay 2006, p. 45. ^ Holt 1989, p. 242. ^ Bloom 1994, p. 346. ^ Robert, Marthe (1976) From Oedipus to Moses: Freud's Jewish Identity New York: Anchor pp. 3–6. ^ Frosh, Stephen (2006) "Psychoanalysis and Judaism" in Black, David M.(ed) Psychoanalysis and Religion within the twenty first Century, Hove: Routledge. pp. 205–06. ^ Freud had a small lithographic model of the painting, created through Eugène Pirodon (1824–1908), framed and hung on the wall of his Vienna rooms from 1886 to 1938. Once Freud reached England, it was once immediately placed immediately over the analytical sofa in his London rooms. ^ Joseph Aguayo (1986). "Joseph Aguayo Charcot and Freud: Some Implications of Late 19th-century French Psychiatry and Politics for the Origins of Psychoanalysis (1986). Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought". Psychoanal. Contemp. Thought: 223–60. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2011. ^ Gay 2006, pp. 64–71. ^ "jewishvirtuallibrary Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013. ^ Freud 1896c, pp. 203, 211, 219; Eissler 2005, p. 96. ^ J. Forrester The Seductions of Psychoanalysis Cambridge University Press 1990, pp. 75–76. ^ Gay 2006, pp. 88–96. ^ Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious, London: Verso 2015, pp. 55–81. ^ Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious, London: Verso 2015, p. 91. ^ Charles Bernheimer and Claire Kahane (eds) In Dora's Case: Freud – Hysteria – Feminism, London: Virago 1985. ^ Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff (2012) [1984]. The Assault on Truth. Untreed Reads. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-61187-280-4. ^ Kris, Ernst, Introduction to Sigmund Freud The Origins of Psychoanalysis. Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, Drafts and Notes 1887–1902. Eds. Marie Bonaparte, Anna Freud, Ernst Kris, E. London: Imago 1954. ^ Reeder, Jurgen (2002). Reflecting Psychoanalysis. Narrative and Resolve in the Psychoanalytic Experience. London: Karnac Books. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-78049-710-5. ^ Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious, London: Verso 2015, pp. 40–41. ^ Sulloway 1992 [1979], pp. 142ff. ^ a b Masson, Jeffrey M. (1984) The Assault on Truth. Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory. New York City: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ^ Bonomi, Carlos (2015) The Cut and the Building of Psychoanalysis, Volume I: Sigmund Freud and Emma Eckstein. London: Routledge, p. 80. ^ Gay 2006, pp. 84–87, 154–56. ^ Schur, Max. "Some Additional 'Day Residues' of the Specimen Dream of Psychoanalysis." In Psychoananalysis, A General Psychology, ed. R.M. Loewenstein et al. New York: International Universities Press, 1966, pp. 45–95. ^ Gay 2006, pp. 154–56. ^ John Forrester, Introduction; Sigmund Freud (2006). Interpreting Dreams. Penguin Books Limited. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-14-191553-1. Affiliated Professor seems to me to be the most productive translation of professor extraordinarius, which place has the rank of complete Professor, however without cost via the University. ^ Clark (1980), p. 424 ^ Phillips, Adam (2014) Becoming Freud Yale University Press. p. 139. ^ a b c Rose, Louis (1998). The Freudian Calling: Early Psychoanalysis and the Pursuit of Cultural Science. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8143-2621-3. ^ a b c Schwartz, Joseph (2003). Cassandra's daughter: a historical past of psychoanalysis. London: Karnac. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-85575-939-8. ^ Ellenberger, Henri F. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry ([Repr.] ed.). New York: Basic Books. pp. 443, 454. ISBN 978-0-465-01673-0. ^ Stekel's overview gave the impression in 1902. In it, he declared that Freud's work heralded "a new era in psychology".Rose, Louis (1998). The Freudian Calling: Early Psychoanalysis and the Pursuit of Cultural Science. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8143-2621-3. ^ Rose, Louis (1998). "Freud and fetishism: previously unpublished minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society". Psychoanalytic Quartery. 57 (2): 147. doi:10.1080/21674086.1988.11927209. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. ^ Reitler's family had converted to Catholicism. Makari, George (2008). Revolution in Mind: the Creation of Psychoanalysis (Australian ed.). Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Publishing. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-522-85480-0. ^ Makari, George (2008). Revolution in Mind: the Creation of Psychoanalysis (Australian ed.). Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Publishing. pp. 130–31. ISBN 978-0-522-85480-0. ^ Stekel, Wilhelm (2007). 'On the history of the psychoanalytic movmement'. Jap Bos (trans. and annot.). In Japp Boss and Leendert Groenendijk (eds). The Self-Marginalization of Wilhelm Stekel: Freudian Circles Inside and Out. New York. p. 131 ^ a b c Gay 2006, pp. 174–75 ^ The actual title of "Little Hans" used to be Herbert Graf. See Gay 2006, web page. 156, 174. ^ Wehr, Gerhard (1985). Jung – A Biography. Shambhala. pp. 83–85. ISBN 978-0-87773-455-0. ^ Sulloway, Frank J. (1991). "Reassessing Freud's case histories: the social construction of psychoanalysis". Isis. 82 (2): 245–75. doi:10.1086/355727. PMID 1917435. S2CID 41485270. ^ Ellenberger, Henri F. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry ([Repr.] ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 455. ISBN 978-0-465-01673-0. ^ Gay 2006, p. 219 ^ Gay 2006, p. 503 ^ Martin Miller(1998) Freud and the Bolsheviks, Yale University Press, pp. 24, 45 ^ Jones, E. 1955, pp. 44–45 ^ Jones, Ernest (1964) Sigmund Freud: Life and Work. Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books p. 332 ^ Jones, Ernest (1964) Sigmund Freud: Life and Work. Edited and abridged through Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books pp. 334, 352, 361 ^ Gay 2006, p. 186 ^ a b Gay 2006, p. 212 ^ Three participants of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society resigned at the same time as Adler to determine the Society for Free Psychoanalysis. Six other individuals of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society who tried to retain links to each the Adlerian and Freudian camps were compelled out after Freud insisted that they will have to make a selection one side or some other. Makari, George (2008). Revolution in Mind: the Creation of Psychoanalysis (Australian ed.). Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Publishing. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-522-85480-0. ^ Ellenberger, Henri F. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry ([Repr.] ed.). New York: Basic Books. pp. 456, 584–85. ISBN 978-0-465-01673-0. ^ Ellenberger, Henri F. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry ([Repr.] ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 456. ISBN 978-0-465-01673-0. ^ Gay 2006, pp. 229–30, 241 ^ Gay 2006, pp. 474–81 ^ Gay 2006, p. 460 ^ Danto, Elizabeth Ann (2005). Freud's Free Clinics: Psychoanalysis and Social Justice, 1918–1938. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 3, 104, 185–86. ^ Miller, Martin (1998) Freud and the Bolsheviks, Yale University Press pp. 24, 59 ^ Miller (1998), p. 94. ^ Maddox, Brenda (2006). Freud's Wizard: The Enigma of Ernest Jones. London: John Murray. pp. 147–79 ^ Danto, Elizabeth Ann (2005). Freud's Free Clinics: Psychoanalysis and Social Justice, 1918–1938. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 151 ^ Gay 2006, p. 406 ^ Gay 2006, p. 394 ^ Gay 2006, pp. 490–500 ^ Gay 2006, p. 571 ^ Appignanesi, Lisa & Forrester, John. Freud's Women. London: Penguin Books, 1992, p. 108 ^ Breger, Louis. Freud: Darkness in the Midst of Vision. Wiley, 2011, p. 262 ^ Lynn, D.J. (2003). "Freud's psychoanalysis of Edith Banfield Jackson, 1930–1936". Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry. 31 (4): 609–25. doi:10.1521/jaap.31.4.609.23009. PMID 14714630. ^ Lynn, D.J. (1997). "Freud's analysis of Albert Hirst, 1903–1910". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 71 (1): 69–93. doi:10.1353/bhm.1997.0045. PMID 9086627. S2CID 37708194. ^ Gay 2006, pp. 419–20 ^ Gay 2006, pp. 592–93. ^ a b Gay 2006, pp. 618–20, 624–25. ^ Cohen 2009, pp. 152–53. ^ Cohen 2009, pp. 157–59. ^ Cohen 2009, p. 160. ^ Cohen 2009, p. 166 ^ Cohen 2009, pp. 178, 205–07. ^ Schur, Max (1972) Freud: Living and Dying, London: Hogarth Press, pp. 498–99. ^ Cohen 2009, p. 213. ^ a b Chaney, Edward (2006). 'Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Religion', Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines, eds. M. Ascari and A. Corrado. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, Chaney'Freudian Egypt', The London Magazine (April/May 2006), pp. 62–69, and Chaney, 'Moses and Monotheism, by means of Sigmund Freud', 'The Canon', THE (Times Higher Education), 3–9 June 2010, No. 1, 950, p. 53. ^ Gay 2006, pp. 650–51 ^ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 2 September 2016. ^ Lacoursiere, Roy B. (2008). "Freud's Death: Historical Truth and Biographical Fictions". American Imago. 65 (1): 107–28. doi:10.1353/aim.0.0003. S2CID 170247119. ^ a b "Sigmund Freud's Collection: An Archaeology of the Mind" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the unique on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014. ^ Welter, Volker M (1 October 2011). Ernst L. Freud, Architect. ISBN 978-0-85745-234-4. ^ Burke, Janine The Sphinx on the Table: Sigmund Freud's Art Collection and the Development of Psychoanalysis, New York: Walker and Co. 2006, p. 340. ^ Strutzmann, Helmut (2008). "An overview of Freud's life". In Joseph P. Merlino; Marilyn S. Jacobs; Judy Ann Kaplan; Okay. Lynne Moritz (eds.). Freud at 150: 21st century Essays on a Man of Genius. Plymouth. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7657-0547-1. ^ "The History of Psychiatry". Retrieved 6 February 2011. ^ Rycroft, Charles. A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. London: Penguin Books, 1995, p. 59 ^ Rycroft, Charles. A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. London: Penguin Books, 1995, pp. 185–86 ^ Hirschmuller, Albrecht. The Life and Work of Josef Breuer. New York: New York University Press, 1989, pp. 101–16, 276–307. ^ Hirschmuller, Albrecht. The Life and Work of Josef Breuer. New York: New York University Press, 1989, p. 115. ^ Ellenberger, E.H., "The Story of 'Anna O.': A Critical Account with New Data", J. of the Hist. of the Behavioral Sciences, 8 (3), 1972, pp. 693–717. ^ Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel. Remembering Anna O.: A Century of Mystification. London: Routledge, 1996. ^ Macmillan, Malcolm. Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1997, pp. 3–24. ^ Miller, Gavin (25 November 2009). "Book Review: Richard A. Skues (2009) Sigmund Freud and the History of Anna O.: Reopening a Closed Case". History of Psychiatry. 20 (4): 509–10. doi:10.1177/0957154X090200040205. S2CID 162260138. Skues, Richard A. Sigmund Freud and the History of Anna O.: Reopening a Closed Case. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. ^ "Faults and Frauds of Sigmund Freud". Sulloway.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015. ^ Freud, Standard Edition, vol. 7, 1906, p. 274; S.E. 14, 1914, p. 18; S.E. 20, 1925, p. 34; S.E. 22, 1933, p. 120; Schimek, J.G. (1987), Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: a Historical Review. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, xxxv: 937–65; Esterson, Allen (1998). "Jeffrey Masson and Freud's seduction theory: a new fable based on old myths". 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Alexander, Sam. "In Memory of Sigmund Freud", The Modernism Lab, Yale University. Retrieved 23 June 2012. Appignanesi, Lisa and Forrester, John. Freud's Women. Penguin Books, 2000. Auden, W.H. "In Memory of Sigmund Freud", 1940, poets.org. Retrieved 23 June 2012. Bloom, Harold. The Western Canon. Riverhead Books, 1994. Blumenthal, Ralph. "Hotel log hints at desire that Freud didn't repress", International Herald Tribune, 24 December 2006. Clark, Ronald W. (June 1980). Freud: The Man and the Cause (1st ed.). Random House Inc (T). ISBN 978-0-394-40983-2. Cohen, David. The Escape of Sigmund Freud. JR Books, 2009. Cohen, Patricia. "Freud Is Widely Taught at Universities, Except in the Psychology Department", The New York Times, 25 November 2007. Eissler, Ok.R. Freud and the Seduction Theory: A Brief Love Affair. Int. Univ. Press, 2005. Eysenck, Hans. J. Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire. Pelican Books, 1986. Ford, Donald H. & Urban, Hugh B. Systems of Psychotherapy: A Comparative Study. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1965. Freud, Sigmund (1896c). The Aetiology of Hysteria. Standard Edition 3. Freud, Sigmund and Bonaparte, Marie (ed.). The Origins of Psychoanalysis. Letters to Wilhelm Fliess: Drafts and Notes 1887–1902. Kessinger Publishing, 2009. Fuller, Andrew R. Psychology and Religion: Eight Points of View, Littlefield Adams, 1994. Gay, Peter. Freud: A Life for Our Time. W. W. Norton & Company, 2006 (first printed 1988). Gay, Peter (ed.) The Freud Reader. W.W. Norton & Co., 1995. Gresser, Moshe. Dual Allegiance: Freud As a Modern Jew. SUNY Press, 1994. Holt, Robert. Freud Reappraised: A Fresh Look at Psychoanalytic Theory. The Guilford Press, 1989. Hothersall, D. History of Psychology. third version, Mcgraw-Hill, 1995. Jones, E. Sigmund Freud: Life and Work Vol 1: The Young Freud 1856–1900, Hogarth Press, 1953. Jones, E. Sigmund Freud: Life and Work Vol 2: The Years of Maturity 1901–1919, Hogarth Press, 1955 Jones, E. Sigmund Freud: Life and Work Vol 3: The Final Years 1919–1939, Hogarth Press, 1957 Juergensmeyer, Mark. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. University of California Press, 2004. Juergensmeyer, Mark. "Religious Violence", in Peter B. Clarke (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. Oxford University Press, 2009. Kovel, Joel. A Complete Guide to Therapy: From Psychoanalysis to Behaviour Modification. Penguin Books, 1991 (first printed 1976). Leeming, D.A.; Madden, Kathryn; and Marlan, Stanton. Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. Springer Verlag u. Co., 2004. Mannoni, Octave. Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious, London: Verso, 2015 [1971]. Margolis, Deborah P. (1989). "Freud and his Mother". Modern Psychoanalsys. 14: 37–56. Masson, Jeffrey M. (ed.). The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fless, 1887–1904. Harvard University Press, 1985. Meissner, William W. "Freud and the Bible" in Bruce M. Metzger and Michael David Coogan (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press, 1993. Michels, Robert. "Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry: A Changing Relationship", American Mental Health Foundation. Retrieved 23 June 2012. Mitchell, Juliet. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis. Penguin Books, 2000. Palmer, Michael. Freud and Jung on Religion. Routledge, 1997. Pigman, G.W. (1995). "Freud and the history of empathy". The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 76 (2): 237–56. PMID 7628894. Rice, Emmanuel. Freud and Moses: The Long Journey Home. SUNY Press, 1990. Roudinesco, Elisabeth. Jacques Lacan. Polity Press, 1997. Sadock, Benjamin J. and Sadock, Virginia A. Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry. tenth ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007. Sulloway, Frank J. (1992) [1979]. Freud, Biologist of the Mind. Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-32335-3. Vitz, Paul C. Sigmund Freud's Christian Unconscious. The Guilford Press, 1988. Webster, Richard. Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis. HarperCollins, 1995.Further studying
Brown, Norman O. Life Against Death: The Psychoanalytic Meaning of History. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, Second Edition 1985. Cioffi, Frank. Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience. Peru, IL: Open Court, 1999. Cole, J. Preston. The Problematic Self in Kierkegaard and Freud. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971. Crews, Frederick. The Memory Wars: Freud's Legacy in Dispute. New York: The New York Review of Books, 1995. Crews, Frederick. Unauthorized Freud: Doubters Confront a Legend. New York: Penguin Books, 1998. Crews, Frederick. Freud: The Making of an Illusion. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2017. ISBN 978-1-62779-717-7 Dufresne, Todd. Killing Freud: Twentieth-Century Culture and the Death of Psychoanalysis. New York: Continuum, 2003. Dufresne, Todd, ed. Against Freud: Critics Talk Back. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007. Ellenberger, Henri. Beyond the Unconscious: Essays of Henri F. Ellenberger within the History of Psychiatry. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993. Ellenberger, Henri. The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books, 1970. Esterson, Allen. Seductive Mirage: An Exploration of the Work of Sigmund Freud. Chicago: Open Court, 1993. Gay, Peter. Freud: A Life for Our Time. London: Papermac, 1988; 2d revised hardcover version, Little Books (1 May 2006), 864 pages, ISBN 978-1-904435-53-2; Reprint hardcover edition, W.W. Norton & Company (1988); business paperback, W.W. Norton & Company (17 May 2006), 864 pages, ISBN 978-0-393-32861-5 Gellner, Ernest. The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason. London: Fontana Press, 1993. Grünbaum, Adolf. The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Grünbaum, Adolf. Validation within the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis: A Study within the Philosophy of Psychoanalysis. Madison, Connecticut: International Universities Press, 1993. Hale, Nathan G., Jr. Freud and the Americans: The Beginnings of Psychoanalysis in the United States, 1876–1917. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. Hale, Nathan G., Jr. The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States: Freud and the Americans, 1917–1985. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Hirschmüller, Albrecht. The Life and Work of Josef Breuer. New York University Press, 1989. Jones, Ernest. The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. 3 vols. New York: Basic Books, 1953–1957 Jung, Carl Gustav. The Collected Works of C. G. Jung Volume 4: Freud and Psychoanalysis. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1961. Macmillan, Malcolm. Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1997. Marcuse, Herbert. Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud. Boston: Beacon Press, 1974 Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff. The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory. New York: Pocket Books, 1998 Puner, Helen Walker. Freud: His Life and His Mind. New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1947 Ricœur, Paul. Freud and Philosophy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970. Rieff, Philip. Freud: The Mind of the Moralist. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1961 Roazen, Paul. Freud and His Followers. New York: Knopf, 1975, hardcover; trade paperback, Da Capo Press (22 March 1992), six hundred pages, ISBN 978-0-306-80472-4 Roazen, Paul. Freud: Political and Social Thought. London: Hogarth Press, 1969. Roth, Michael, ed. Freud: Conflict and Culture. New York: Vintage, 1998. Schur, Max. Freud: Living and Dying. New York: International Universities Press, 1972. Stannard, David E. Shrinking History: On Freud and the Failure of Psychohistory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982. Webster, Richard. Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis. Oxford: The Orwell Press, 2005. Wollheim, Richard. Freud. Fontana, 1971. Wollheim, Richard, and James Hopkins, eds. Philosophical essays on Freud. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.External hyperlinks
Sigmund Freudat Wikipedia's sister projectsDefinitions from WiktionaryMedia from Wikimedia CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from WikiversityData from Wikidata Works by way of Sigmund Freud at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Sigmund Freud at Internet Archive Works through Sigmund Freud at LibriVox (public area audiobooks) Sigmund Freud on the Encyclopædia Britannica "Sigmund Freud Assists Friend Paul Federn, 1936: Original Letter". Shapell Manuscript Foundation. "Essays by Freud". Quotidiana.org. "Freud Archives". Library of Congress. "Freud Museum, Maresfield Gardens, London". "Freud, Sigmund and Anna Collection available on Kansas Memory". "International Network of Freud Critics". "International Psychoanalytical Association". (based through Freud in 1910) Library Catalog of the Pshchoanalytical Association of Paris (in French). Presses Universitaires de France. 1994. ISBN 978-2-13-046576-8. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. "Sigmund Freud Collection". Bartleby.com. (15 works in English) "Bibliography of Sigmund Freud's writings" (PDF). Archived from the unique (PDF) on 2 April 2019. A Young Girl's Diary. T. Seltzer. 1921. most definitely by way of Hermine Hug-Hellmuth, prefaced with a letter from Freud dated 27 April 1915 Dr. Henry Abramson (12 March 2015). "Who Was Sigmund Freud?". "Sigmund Freud Personal Manuscripts". Newspaper clippings about Sigmund Freud in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBWAwards and achievements Preceded byPatrick Hastings Cover of Time Magazine27 October 1924 Succeeded throughThomas Lipton Preceded throughLeopold Ziegler Goethe Prize1930 Succeeded by way ofRicarda Huch vteSigmund FreudBooks On Aphasia (1891) Studies on Hysteria (1895) The Interpretation of Dreams (together with On Dreams) (1899) The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901) Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious (1905) Totem and Taboo (1913) The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement (1914) Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1916-17) Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1921) The Ego and the Id (1923) The Question of Lay Analysis (1926) The Future of an Illusion (1927) Civilization and Its Discontents (1930) Moses and Monotheism (1939)Essays "The Aetiology of Hysteria" (1896) Three Essays at the Theory of Sexuality (1905) Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva (1907) Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming (1908) Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood (1910) On Narcissism (1914) Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work (1915) Thoughts for the Times on War and Death (1916) Mourning and Melancholia (1918) Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) Medusa's Head (1922) Dostoevsky and Parricide (1928)Case studies "Dora" (Ida Bauer) Emma Eckstein Herbert Graf ("Little Hans") Irma's injection "Anna O." (Bertha Pappenheim) "Rat Man" Sergei Pankejeff ("Wolfman") Daniel Paul SchreberOriginalconcepts Psychoanalysis Id, ego, and super-ego Libido Preconscious Ego ideal censorship Free association Transference Psychosexual development Oral degree Anal level Phallic level Latency degree Genital degree Oedipus complicated Father advanced Deferred obedience Reality idea Seduction theoryRelated Bibliography Archives Vienna house and museum London house and museum 1971 statue Interment Freudian slip Humor Inner circle Neo-Freudianism Views on homosexuality Religious perspectivesCulturaldepictions Freud: The Secret Passion (1962 movie) The Visitor (1993 play) Mahler on the Couch (2010 movie) A Dangerous Method (2011 film) Freud (2020 TV sequence)Family Martha Bernays (wife) Anna Freud (daughter) Ernst L. Freud (son) Clement Freud (grandson) Lucian Freud (grandson) Walter Freud (grandson) Amalia Freud (mother) Jacob Freud (father) Edward Bernays (nephew) Links to similar articles vteHuman mental buildingDevelopmental psychology Antenatal Cognitive building of babies Positive early life construction Young adult Adult construction Positive adult building MaturityTheorists andtheories Freud (1856–1939) (Psychosexual construction) Piaget (1896–1980) (Theory of cognitive construction) Vygotsky (1896–1934) (Cultural-historical psychology) Erikson (1902–1994) (Psychosocial development) Bowlby (1907–1990) (Attachment theory) Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) (Ecological techniques concept) Kohlberg (1927–1987) (Stages of ethical construction) Commons (b. 1939), Fischer (b. 1943), Kegan (b. 1946), Demetriou (b. 1950), and others (Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive construction) Evolutionary developmental psychology vteHuman memoryBasic concepts Encoding Storage RecallAttention Consolidation NeuroanatomyTypesSensory Echoic Eidetic Eyewitness Haptic Iconic Motor studying VisualShort-term "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two" Working memoryIntermediate Long-term Active recall Autobiographical Explicit Declarative Episodic Semantic Flashbulb Hyperthymesia Implicit Meaningful studying Personal-event Procedural Rote finding out Selective retention Tip of the tongueForgetting Amnesia anterograde early life post-traumatic psychogenic retrograde transient world Decay theory Forgetting curve Interference principle Memory inhibition Motivated forgetting Repressed memory Retrieval-induced forgetting Selective amnesia Weapon focal pointMemory errors Confabulation False reminiscence Hindsight bias Imagination inflation List of reminiscence biases Memory conformity Mere-exposure effect Misattribution of reminiscence Misinformation effect Source-monitoring error Wernicke–Korsakoff syndromeResearch Art of reminiscence Memory and ageing Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm Exceptional memory Indirect tests of reminiscence Lost within the mall technique Memory disorder Memory implantation Methods used to study memory The Seven Sins of Memory Effects of workout on memoryIn society Collective memory Cultural reminiscence False reminiscence syndrome Memory and social interactions Memory recreation Politics of reminiscence Shas Pollak World Memory ChampionshipsRelated subjects Absent-mindedness Atkinson–Shiffrin reminiscence type Context-dependent memory Childhood memory Cryptomnesia Effects of alcohol Emotion and memory Exosomatic memory Flashbacks Free recall Involuntary reminiscence Levels-of-processing effect Memory and trauma Memory improvement Metamemory Mnemonic Muscle reminiscence Priming Intertrial Prospective memory Recovered-memory treatment Retrospective reminiscence Sleep and memory State-dependent reminiscence Transactive memoryPeople Robert A. Bjork Stephen J. Ceci Susan Clancy Hermann Ebbinghaus Sigmund Freud Patricia Goldman-Rakic Jonathan Hancock Judith Lewis Herman HM (patient) Ivan Izquierdo Marcia Okay. Johnson Eric Kandel KC (affected person) Elizabeth Loftus Geoffrey Loftus Chris Marker James McGaugh Paul R. McHugh Eleanor Maguire George Armitage Miller Brenda Milner Lynn Nadel Dominic O'Brien Ben Pridmore Henry L. Roediger III Steven Rose Cosmos Rossellius Daniel Schacter Richard Shiffrin Arthur P. 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Watson (1878–1958) Clark L. Hull (1884–1952) Kurt Lewin (1890–1947) Jean Piaget (1896–1980) Gordon Allport (1897–1967) J. P. Guilford (1897–1987) Carl Rogers (1902–1987) Erik Erikson (1902–1994) B. F. Skinner (1904–1990) Donald O. Hebb (1904–1985) Ernest Hilgard (1904–2001) Harry Harlow (1905–1981) Raymond Cattell (1905–1998) Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) Neal E. Miller (1909–2002) Jerome Bruner (1915–2016) Donald T. Campbell (1916–1996) Hans Eysenck (1916–1997) Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001) David McClelland (1917–1998) Leon Festinger (1919–1989) George A. Miller (1920–2012) Richard Lazarus (1922–2002) Stanley Schachter (1922–1997) Robert Zajonc (1923–2008) Albert Bandura (b. 1925) Roger Brown (1925–1997) Endel Tulving (b. 1927) Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987) Noam Chomsky (b. 1928) Ulric Neisser (1928–2012) Jerome Kagan (b. 1929) Walter Mischel (1930–2018) Elliot Aronson (b. 1932) Daniel Kahneman (b. 1934) Paul Ekman (b. 1934) Michael Posner (b. 1936) Amos Tversky (1937–1996) Bruce McEwen (b. 1938) Larry Squire (b. 1941) Richard E. Nisbett (b. 1941) Martin Seligman (b. 1942) Ed Diener (b. 1946) Shelley E. Taylor (b. 1946) John Anderson (b. 1947) Ronald C. Kessler (b. 1947) Joseph E. 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God Is Not Great God: The Failed Hypothesis Letter to a Christian Nation The Age of Reason The Blind Watchmaker The Caged Virgin The End of Faith The God Delusion The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster Why I Am Not a Christian Why I Am Not a Muslim Books crucial of Christianity Books vital of IslamMovements Agnosticism Antitheism Atheism Criticism Cārvāka New Atheism Nontheistic religions Parody faith vteLucian FreudPaintings Portrait of Kitty (1948-49) Head on a Green Sofa (1960-61) Naked Child Laughing (1963) Benefits Supervisor Sleeping (1995) The Brigadier (2004)Family Kitty Garman (1st wife) Lady Caroline Blackwood (second wife) Annie Freud (daughter) Jane McAdam Freud (daughter) Paul Freud (son) Bella Freud (daughter) Esther Freud (daughter) Susie Boyt (daughter) Ernst L. Freud (father) Clement Freud (brother) Sigmund Freud (grandfather) Martha Bernays (grandmother)Related Sue Tilley (fashion) Portrait of George Dyer and Lucian Freud (1967 portray) Three Studies of Lucian Freud (1969 portray) Authority keep an eye on BIBSYS: 90051520 BNC: 000034551 BNE: XX882790 BNF: cb119035855 (knowledge) CANTIC: a10443745 CiNii: DA00365316 GND: 118535315 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV[scrape_url:1]{title}
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[/scrape_url]3682 ISNI: 0000 0001 2127 2193 KulturNav: 4c5a936c-1770-4158-ad88-b79177cbcfbd LCCN: n79043849 LNB: 000003432 MBA: a8e73e7b-5b8c-4dda-86c4-6c4a1567787e NDL: 00440156 NKC: jk01031841 NLA: 35103318 NLG: 82531 NLI: 000049173 NLK: KAC199609326 NLP: A10097569 NSK: 000002954 NTA: 068465246 PLWABN: 9810636253205606 RKD: 434013 SELIBR: 217605 SNAC: w6ff3xjt SUDOC: 027324664 TePapa: 40374 Trove: 827362 ULAN: 500233677 VcBA: 495/17336 VIAF: 34456780 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79043849 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&oldid=1016201211"Conceptual Marketing Corporation - ANALYSIS INFORMATION ...
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